Abstract:Purpose Spatio-temporal variability in soil properties has long been observed on uniformly managed fields. Understanding the spatial characteristics of soil properties would be helpful in recognizing their relationship and the development of site-specific management techniques. The objective of this study was to determine the spatio-temporal variation of P forms and related enzymes and their relationship with some physico-chemical properties in a plot scale. Materials and methods A grid soil sampling (10×10 m)… Show more
“…Among them, the soil pH 35,36 , water content (H 2 O), and enzyme activity of PPO increased along with the growth course of tobacco, while TN and the enzyme activities of NR, S, and ACP decreased along with the growth course 37,38 . In the mature stage (M), the water content and available P increased in contrast to those of the pretransplant soil sample (P) 39–42 . Conversely, the available K and enzyme activities of NR and ACP of M were significantly decreased compared to those of P. The other soil factors showed no significant change between M and P.Figure 1Physicochemical properties of soil samples.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…The soil texture was red loam. The basic physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activities were determined after air drying, including pH, water content (H 2 O), total N (TN), organic matter (Om), rapidly available P, rapidly available K, sucrase (S), urease (U), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), nitrate reductase (NR), and acid phosphatase (ACP) 39–42 . The procedures of enzyme activities determination were listed in Supplementary File S2.…”
Soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity both play equally important roles in tobacco cultivation. However, the relationship between these factors remains unclear. In this study, we investigated their correlations through the whole tobacco growth period, including the pretransplanting (YX-p), root extending (R), flourishing (F), and mature (M) stages in the Yuxi region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau by measuring physicochemical properties and conducting 16S/18S rRNA analysis. The analysis demonstrated that the microbial community richness and diversity continuously changed along with the growth course of the tobacco. Multiple environmental factors showed a certain correlation with the diversity of microbial communities. Some bacteria could accumulate nitrogen during the growth stages, and the diversity of the bacterial community also increased when the content of organic matter rose. In addition, the water content and available K also influenced the diversity of the microbial community. The dynamic changes in soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities gave rise to differences in the microbial community composition and structure, all of which affected the growth of tobacco. This study revealed the time-course relationship between environmental factors and microbial diversity in tobacco soil. An understanding of this relationship provides guidance for research on the interaction system of plants, soil and microbes and on improving plant yield and quality.
“…Among them, the soil pH 35,36 , water content (H 2 O), and enzyme activity of PPO increased along with the growth course of tobacco, while TN and the enzyme activities of NR, S, and ACP decreased along with the growth course 37,38 . In the mature stage (M), the water content and available P increased in contrast to those of the pretransplant soil sample (P) 39–42 . Conversely, the available K and enzyme activities of NR and ACP of M were significantly decreased compared to those of P. The other soil factors showed no significant change between M and P.Figure 1Physicochemical properties of soil samples.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…The soil texture was red loam. The basic physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activities were determined after air drying, including pH, water content (H 2 O), total N (TN), organic matter (Om), rapidly available P, rapidly available K, sucrase (S), urease (U), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), nitrate reductase (NR), and acid phosphatase (ACP) 39–42 . The procedures of enzyme activities determination were listed in Supplementary File S2.…”
Soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity both play equally important roles in tobacco cultivation. However, the relationship between these factors remains unclear. In this study, we investigated their correlations through the whole tobacco growth period, including the pretransplanting (YX-p), root extending (R), flourishing (F), and mature (M) stages in the Yuxi region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau by measuring physicochemical properties and conducting 16S/18S rRNA analysis. The analysis demonstrated that the microbial community richness and diversity continuously changed along with the growth course of the tobacco. Multiple environmental factors showed a certain correlation with the diversity of microbial communities. Some bacteria could accumulate nitrogen during the growth stages, and the diversity of the bacterial community also increased when the content of organic matter rose. In addition, the water content and available K also influenced the diversity of the microbial community. The dynamic changes in soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities gave rise to differences in the microbial community composition and structure, all of which affected the growth of tobacco. This study revealed the time-course relationship between environmental factors and microbial diversity in tobacco soil. An understanding of this relationship provides guidance for research on the interaction system of plants, soil and microbes and on improving plant yield and quality.
“…On a seasonal scale, disease outbreaks have been connected to periods of warm temperatures during the summer crop seasons (Wei et al, 2017(Wei et al, , 2011, whereas at more local scale, R. solanacearum survival has been linked to low environmental salt concentration and water temperature . Also other physiochemical soil properties vary spatially and temporally due to environmental heterogeneity and along with plant development and this variation could be important in explaining the patchiness of bacterial disease dynamics in homogenous agricultural monocultures (Piotrowska-Dlugosz et al, 2016).…”
Plant pathogen invasions are often associated with changes in physical environmental conditions and the composition of host-associated rhizosphere microbiome. It is however unclear how these factors interact and correlate with each other in determining plant disease dynamics in natural field conditions. To study this, we temporally sampled the rhizosphere of tomato plants that were exposed to moderate to aggressive Ralstonia solanacearum pathogen invasions over one crop season. We found that physiochemical soil properties correlated weakly with the severity of pathogen invasion apart from the water-soluble nitrogen concentration, which increased more clearly during the aggressive invasion. Instead, a much stronger link was found between pathogen invasion and reduced abundance and diversity of various rhizosphere bacterial taxa, simplification of bacterial interaction networks and loss of several predicted functional genes. We further verified our results in a separate greenhouse experiment to show that pathogen invasion causally drives similar changes in rhizosphere microbiome diversity and composition under controlled environmental conditions. Our results suggest that R. solanacearum invasion disrupts rhizosphere bacterial communities leading to clear reduction in the diversity and abundance of non-pathogenic bacteria. These changes could potentially affect the likelihood of secondary pathogen invasions during following crop seasons as less diverse microbial communities are also often less resistant to invasions. Strong negative correlation between pathogen and non-pathogenic bacterial densities further suggest that relative pathogen abundance could better predict the severity of bacterial wilt disease outbreaks compared to absolute pathogen abundance. Monitoring the dynamics of whole microbiomes could thus open new avenues for more accurate disease diagnostics in the future.
“…In fact, soil properties do not vary independently and rather variably measured at a certain point in space in the outcome of several physical, chemical, and biological processes, all of which are more or less spatially variable (Guox et al 2012). In this study, however, soil pH and C ORG content could not be the source of variability for soil microbial properties since they revealed strong and moderate spatial dependence (Piotrowska-Długosz et al 2016). Based on the earlier studies, we suppose that high contribution of nugget effect in sill or pure nugget effect in this study may be partially related to the applied tillage and fertilizers that was applied in autumn in the previous year.…”
Section: Spatial Variability Of Microbial Propertiesmentioning
Purpose Knowledge about the spatio-temporal variability of soil microbial properties is crucial in evaluating their structurefunction relationship and their impact on ecosystem functions. The aim of the study was to determine the spatio-temporal variation of the selected microbial properties at the surface horizon in a conventionally managed arable field. Materials and methods The area selected for the research, which was mainly covered with typical Luvisols, was a uniformly managed system that was considered to be homogenous in respect to texture (mostly loamy fine sand). Winter wheat was cultivated after winter rape as the forecrop. A grid soil sampling (10 m × 10 m) was used to assess the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties across a 0.5-ha field. Soil samples were collected at 50 points from the upper 20 cm of soil in April and August 2007. Colony-forming units (CFUs) of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, and basal respiration (BR) were analyzed. Data were evaluated using classical statistical and geostatistical methods. Results and discussion Fungal CFUs were significantly lower than the bacterial ones with a B/F (bacteria/fungi) ratio of 80.0 in April and 45.1 in August. Bacterial CFUs, B/F ratio, and BR level revealed significantly higher values in April than in August, while fungi showed the opposite trend. Other studied properties did not show significant differences between sampling months. Only some of the properties, such as the bacterial community in August, the number of actinomycetes in April, and qCO 2 on both sampling dates, revealed significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) and were spatially dependent at the scale of sampling grid, whereas the qCO 2 revealed a higher differentiation in the spatial pattern between April and August than the other studied properties. Most of the spatially correlated properties were in the weak variability class (a nugget effect > 75%), while only the qCO 2 (August) ratio was in the moderate variability class (a nugget effect between 25 and 75%). Conclusions Most of the microbial-related properties did not exhibit a spatial structure at the examined scale, thus suggesting that changes in these properties would be detectable at a distance shorter than 10 m. More frequent seasonal sampling must be included in the sampling strategy in order to better understand whether studied properties show any permanent spatial patterns in soil over time or whether they are more randomized.
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