Spatio–temporal variation on syphilis from 2005 to 2018 in Zhejiang Province, China

Abstract

BackgroundSyphilis has spread throughout China, especially in Zhejiang Province which endangers the health and lives of people. However, the spatial and temporal epidemiological studies of syphilis in Zhejiang are not thorough enough. The temporal and spatial variation and the relevant factors of syphilis incidence should be analyzed for more effective prevention and control in Zhejiang, China.MethodsData on confirmed cases of syphilis in Zhejiang Province from 2005 to 2018 was used and the spatio–temporal distributions were described. The spatial autocorrelation analysis and SaTScan analysis were performed to identify spatio–temporal clusters. A Bayesian spatial Conditional Autoregression (CAR) model was constructed to explore the relationships between syphilis incidence and common social and natural indicators.Results474,980 confirmed cases of syphilis were reported between 2005 and 2018 with a large peak in 2010. Farmers and unemployed people accounted for the largest proportion of confirmed cases. And the significant spatial clusters of syphilis were concentrated in the north of Zhejiang Province, especially in more economically developed regions. Seven spatio–temporal clusters were identified and the main three high–risk areas were located in Hangzhou (RR = 1.62, P < 0.05), Zhoushan and Ningbo (RR = 1.99, P < 0.001), and Lishui (RR = 1.68, P < 0.05). The findings showed that the morbidity of syphilis was positively correlated with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, the number of health technicians per 10,000 people, the proportion of the elderly and air temperature were negatively correlated with the proportion of the urban population, the proportion of men and precipitation.ConclusionsThe spatio–temporal analysis revealed that the prevalence of syphilis was still serious in Zhejiang Province. Syphilis high–risk areas were mainly located in the more developed coastal regions where more targeted intervention measures were required to be implemented. The study highlighted the need to strengthen Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) screening and health education for high–risk groups and improve the coverage of syphilis testing to reduce hidden syphilis cases.

Spatiotemporal cluster of mpox in men who have sex with men: A modeling study in 83 countries

“…The height and base area were constantly changing until all the space units were scanned. 25 We calculated the percentage of mpox cases in MSM population in each country and found that 3.3% was the highest prevalence rate among 83 countries. Thus, we set 3.3% as the upper limit of geographic size in the scanning window to ensure that at least one spatiotemporal cluster could be detected among 83 countries.…”

“…The position of scanning center was selected randomly. The height and base area were constantly changing until all the space units were scanned 25 . We calculated the percentage of mpox cases in MSM population in each country and found that 3.3% was the highest prevalence rate among 83 countries.…”

Distribuição espacial de travestis e mulheres transexuais com teste rápido positivo para sífilis e HIV, participantes do estudo TransOdara - Município de São Paulo, 2020.

“…13 Em relação à escolaridade, seja pela própria limitação de acesso à informação e ao conhecimento necessário para construção de estratégias de autoproteção, seja enquanto indicador de uma condição de vulnerabilidade social, constitui um determinante frequentemente associado a condições de saúde desfavoráveis. 22,23 Há evidências na literatura de que essa população apresenta altas taxas de evasão escolar em razão da discriminação que sofrem, ausência de suporte familiar, perdas dos laços familiares e necessidade de sobrevivência. 15 O estudo que objetivou estimar o número de indivíduos de gênero diverso no Brasil e descrever suas características sociodemográficas mostrou que 96,3% da população trans tinha escolaridade inferior ao ensino médio, 5 enquanto o mapeamento da população trans do MSP observou que 42,0% das mulheres trans tinham escolaridade até o ensino fundamental, 5 proporção superior à encontrada no presente estudo (24%).…”

Spatial spillover effect of environmental factors on the tuberculosis occurrence among the elderly: a surveillance analysis for nearly a dozen years in eastern China

“…Local spatial autocorrelation was further performed when the global Moran’s I was significant ( P < 0.05), and it used local indications of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) to reflect spatial clusters [ 15 ]. In the LISA map, “High-Low” indicated that high incidence was surrounded by low incidence, “High-High” indicates hot-spots and “Low-Low” indicates cold-spots [ 16 ]. The regional units for this study were 90 counties in Zhejiang Province.…”

“…It imposes a cylinder around each point specifically, the base area of the cylinder varies across the area being searched, while the height of the cylinder varies across each year of the study period [ 17 ]. Based on the Poisson distribution model, we used the Monte Carlo randomization method to calculate the log-likelihood ratio ( LLR ) and relative risk ( RR ) of clusters using the actual and expected values to test statistically significant clustering under a 95% confidence interval ( CI ) and determine the effective clustering level [ 16 ]. The coordinates and radii of the clusters detected from the SatScan outputs were visualized using ArcGIS (version 10.4).…”