Spatio‐Temporal Variation of Alkaloids in Annona purpurea and the Associated Influence on Their Antifungal Activity

Abstract

Annona purpurea grows in the areas of low elevation in deciduous forests of Mexico, those areas have marked rainy and dry seasons. This species produces more than 30 bioactive alkaloids that could have potential in the control of phytopathogens. This research provides data on the variation of the content and number of alkaloids during an annual cycle and the associated inhibitory potential of the compounds against three phytopathogenic fungi. For one year, alkaloidal extracts of stems and leaves were obtained every two months. The extract profiles were determined by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and their antifungal activity was examined in vitro. The alkaloids, annomontine and oxopurpureine, obtained from the roots and leaves, respectively, were also evaluated individually. The yields, profiles and activities of the extracts, as well as the abundance of annomontine and oxopurpureine in the extracts, were contrasted with the seasonality and phenological phases of the plant. The data indicate that the alkaloid content was higher at the height of the dry season. High yields also occurred during flowering. The strongest inhibitory effect was obtained from the root extracts during the last month of dry season. This finding seems to be explained by the higher chemodiversity of alkaloids in extracts from this season. Annomontine and oxopurpureine inhibited all three phytopathogens; however, they were not solely responsible for the activity of A. purpurea.

Impact of Drought and Flooding on Alkaloid Production in Annona crassiflora Mart

“…Specifically with the genus Annona, Castro-Moreno et al [60] found the highest liriodenine concentration in Annona lutescens roots at the end of the dry season (about 377 µmol/g), which is the first report of the presence of liriodenine in Annona crassiflora roots under water stress (about 80.9 µg/g of total alkaloids and 13.47 µg/g of liriodenine). Some periodic collections of Annona species tissues in an annual cycle allow us to point out that although the biosynthesis of alkaloids is distributed throughout the plant, the roots generally accumulate the greatest number of alkaloids and produce a higher yield regardless of the phenological stage of plants [61].…”

Extracts from Six Native Plants of the Yucatán Peninsula Hinder Mycelial Growth of Fusarium equiseti and F. oxysporum, Pathogens of Capsicum chinense

“…For example, essential oils from Perilla frutescens collected from 11 areas in China differed in yields and chemical composition, which were associated with antioxidant and antifungal activities [ 42 ]. When total alkaloids and the annomontine and oxopurpureine content from roots and leaves of Annona purpurea were monitored over time, the alkaloid was high during the dry season and during flowering; the strongest antifungal activity was obtained from the root extracts during the last month of the dry season [ 43 ].…”

Design and identification of novel annomontine analogues against SARS-CoV-2: An in-silico approach

“…In general, the β-carboline analogs have been synthesized enormously and widely explored for bioactivity. However, to date, limited report exists on the synthesis of annomontine derivatives which represents a special class of β-carboline [25,26].…”