Spatio-temporal parameters for optical probing of neuronal activity

Abstract

The challenge to understand the complex neuronal circuit functions in the mammalian brain has brought about a revolution in light-based neurotechnologies and optogenetic tools. However, while recent seminal works have shown excellent insights on the processing of basic functions such as sensory perception, memory, and navigation, understanding more complex brain functions is still unattainable with current technologies. We are just scratching the surface, both literally and figuratively. Yet, the path towards fully understanding the brain is not totally uncertain. Recent rapid technological advancements have allowed us to analyze the processing of signals within dendritic arborizations of single neurons and within neuronal circuits. Understanding the circuit dynamics in the brain requires a good appreciation of the spatial and temporal properties of neuronal activity. Here, we assess the spatio-temporal parameters of neuronal responses and match them with suitable light-based neurotechnologies as well as photochemical and optogenetic tools. We focus on the spatial range that includes dendrites and certain brain regions (e.g., cortex and hippocampus) that constitute neuronal circuits. We also review some temporal characteristics of some proteins and ion channels responsible for certain neuronal functions. With the aid of the photochemical and optogenetic markers, we can use light to visualize the circuit dynamics of a functioning brain. The challenge to understand how the brain works continue to excite scientists as research questions begin to link macroscopic and microscopic units of brain circuits.

Biophysical Reviews— 2021, the year that was

“…Prof. Massimo Vassalli – a theoretical physicist who made the transition to biophysics to study cell-based mechanobiology (Vassalli 2021 ). Of the ten scientific articles published in this issue, I have chosen just four to highlight with these concerning the computer simulation of ionic liquid solvents, published by a group from Italy (Le Donne and Bodo 2021 ); a review article discussing membrane-directed mechanisms for generating cell polarization, by a group from Germany and Japan (Sackmann and Tanaka 2021 ); a review article exploring the role of piezoelectric mechanisms in synovial cartilage for generation of an electrical potential upon deformation, by a group composed of members from Ireland, the UK, and the Netherlands (Poillot et al 2021 ); and finally, a review article on the production of neural circuits using neurons by a group based in Australia (Daria et al 2021 ).…”