Spatio‐temporal dynamics of face recognition in a flash: it's in the eyes

Vinette, Céline; Gosselin, Frédéric; Schyns, Philippe G.

doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2802_8

Cited by 105 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…This eye anchoring mechanism is supported by studies showing that the simple detection of a face is impaired by removing the eyes more so than by removing the nose or the mouth (Lewis & Edmonds, 2003). It is also in line with image classification studies showing that eyes are the first feature attended (Vinette et al, 2004). Both the eye anchoring mechanism and the holistic processing are possible based on an upright human face template (see also Rossion, 2009;and Johnson, 2005, for developmental evidence).…”

Section: Inhibition Of Foveated Features By Perifoveal Features Ensursupporting

confidence: 63%

“…The eyes seem to be the diagnostic feature used to recognize identity, several facial expressions, and gender (Dupuis-Roy et al, 2009;Schyns et al, 2007). Better expertise in face processing seems to be driven by better information extraction from the eye region (Vinette et al, 2004), a capacity that might go awry in some cases of prosopagnosia in which the eye region is not properly attended (Caldara et al, 2005). Eyes provide essential cues to others' attention and intention through gaze perception, putting them at the core of social cognition and its impairments as seen in Autism Spectrum Disorder (Itier & Batty, 2009 for a review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early sensitivity for eyes within faces: A new neuronal account of holistic and featural processing

et al. 2014

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Eyes are central to face processing however their role in early face encoding as reflected by the N170 ERP component is unclear. Using eye tracking to enforce fixation on specific facial features, we found that the N170 was larger for fixation on the eyes compared to fixation on the forehead, nasion, nose or mouth, which all yielded similar amplitudes. This eye sensitivity was seen in both upright and inverted faces and was lost in eyeless faces, demonstrating it was due to the presence of eyes at fovea. Upright eyeless faces elicited largest N170 at nose fixation. Importantly, the N170 face inversion effect (FIE) was strongly attenuated in eyeless faces when fixation was on the eyes but was less attenuated for nose fixation and was normal when fixation was on the mouth. These results suggest the impact of eye removal on the N170 FIE is a function of the angular distance between the fixated feature and the eye location. We propose the Lateral Inhibition, Face Template and Eye Detector based (LIFTED) model which accounts for all the present N170 results including the FIE and its interaction with eye removal. Although eyes elicit the largest N170 response, reflecting the activity of an eye detector, the processing of upright faces is holistic and entails an inhibitory mechanism from neurons coding parafoveal information onto neurons coding foveal information. The LIFTED model provides a neuronal account of holistic and featural processing involved in upright and inverted faces and offers precise predictions for further testing.

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Section: Inhibition Of Foveated Features By Perifoveal Features Ensursupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early sensitivity for eyes within faces: A new neuronal account of holistic and featural processing

et al. 2014

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“…the left eye) tend to become diagnostic earlier than their counterparts within the right hemiface (Schyns et al 2002;Vinette et al 2004). Taken together, it seems that we can allocate attention quicker or are more sensitive to local facial cues contained in the left hemiface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Consistent left gaze bias in processing different facial cues

Guo

Smith

Powell

et al. 2011

Psychological Research

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While viewing faces, humans often demonstrate a natural gaze bias towards the left visual field, that is, the right side of the viewee's face is often inspected first and for longer periods. Previous studies have suggested that this gaze asymmetry is part of the gaze pattern associated with face exploration, but its relation with perceptual processing of facial cues is unclear. In this study we recorded participants' saccadic eye movements while exploring face images under different task instructions (free-viewing, judging familiarity and judging facial expression). We observed a consistent left gaze bias in face viewing irrespective of task demands. The probability of the first fixation and the proportion of overall fixations directed at the left hemiface were indistinguishable across different task instructions or across different facial expressions. It seems that the left gaze bias is an automatic reflection of hemispheric lateralisation in face processing, and is not necessarily correlated with the perceptual processing of a specific type of facial information.

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“…Research on facial recognition and face learning shows that the eyes contain a great deal of diagnostic information for making identity judgments (Schyns, Bonnar & Gosselin, 2002;Vinette, Gosselin & Schyns, 2004). The eyes are also preferentially fixated during facial recognition (Henderson, Williams & Falk, 2005;Barton et al 2006;Althoff & Cohen, 1999) and face learning tasks (Henderson, Williams & Falk, 2005).…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the exposure to the talker in the Same Talker condition in this study was presumably too brief to produce significant speech-related learning. It is possible that the subtle change in visual information gathering strategy when presented with a different talker on every trial was due to increased effort by subjects to gather visual speech and identity information to integrate with the auditory speech and identity information.Research on facial recognition and face learning shows that the eyes contain a great deal of diagnostic information for making identity judgments (Schyns, Bonnar & Gosselin, 2002;Vinette, Gosselin & Schyns, 2004). The eyes are also preferentially fixated during facial recognition (Henderson, Williams & Falk, 2005;Barton et al 2006;Althoff & Cohen, 1999) and face learning tasks (Henderson, Williams & Falk, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of varying talker identity and listening conditions on gaze behavior during audiovisual speech perception

2008

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During face-to-face conversation the face provides auditory and visual linguistic information, and also conveys information about the identity of the speaker. This study investigated behavioral strategies involved in gathering visual information while watching talking faces. The effects of varying talker identity and varying the intelligibility of speech (by adding acoustic noise) on gaze behavior were measured with an eyetracker. Varying the intelligibility of the speech by adding noise had a noticeable effect on the location and duration of fixations. When noise was present subjects adopted a vantage point that was more centralized on the face by reducing the frequency of the fixations on the eyes and mouth and lengthening the duration of their gaze fixations on the nose and mouth. Varying talker identity resulted in a more modest change in gaze behavior that was modulated by the intelligibility of the speech. Although subjects generally used similar strategies to extract visual information in both talker variability conditions, when noise was absent there were more fixations on the mouth when viewing a different talker every trial as opposed to the same talker every trial. These findings provide a useful baseline for studies examining gaze behavior during audiovisual speech perception and perception of dynamic faces. IntroductionWe see and process faces every day in a wide variety of contexts, from line drawings of faces and static photographs, to dynamic movies and live faces during face-to-face communication. These faces contain a wealth of social, emotional, identity and linguistic information. Although a great deal of information can be gleaned from static faces, the motion of dynamic faces contains information about identity and emotion not present in static faces (Ambadar, Schooler & Cohn, 2005;Hill & Johnson, 2001;Knappmeyer, Thornton & Bülthoff, 2003;O'Toole, Roark, & Abdi, 2002;Lander & Bruce, 2000). Facial motion also contains linguistic information, as evidenced by the fact that silent speechreading is possible (Bernstein, Demorest & Tucker, 2000). Rarely though, is this visual speech information present in the complete absence of auditory speech information and audiovisual speech perception is the natural manner of communication. Visual speech information influences the perception of auditory speech in both perfectly audible conditions (McGurk & MacDonald, 1976, MacDonald & Correspondence: J.N. Buchan, Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, Tel: 613-533-6275, E-mail: 2jnb@queensu.ca. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and al...

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Spatio‐temporal dynamics of face recognition in a flash: it's in the eyes

Cited by 105 publications

References 38 publications

Early sensitivity for eyes within faces: A new neuronal account of holistic and featural processing

Early sensitivity for eyes within faces: A new neuronal account of holistic and featural processing

Consistent left gaze bias in processing different facial cues

The effect of varying talker identity and listening conditions on gaze behavior during audiovisual speech perception

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