Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atmospheric Air of Tamil Nadu, India, and Human Health Risk Assessment

Sampath, S.; Shanmugam, Govindaraj; Selvaraj, Krishna Kumar; Ramaswamy, Babu Rajendran

doi:10.1080/15275922.2014.991002

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The number of sampling sites varies widely and ranges from as little as three to more than 30. [361][362][363][364] G.1.3 National PAS network studies. A number of studies involved networks of sampling sites across a country ( Table 16).…”

Section: G1 Pas Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, numerous PAS studies have sought to estimate inhalation exposure and the health risk associated with exposure to airborne PAHs. 336,348,[361][362][363]439,526 This is typically done by summing the products of the concentration of carcinogenic PAHs with their relative potency factors in order to obtain an equivalent concentration of benzo[a]pyrene, which in turn can be converted into a chronic daily inhalation intake rate. Sometimes, a value for the cancer risk due to inhalation is derived as well.…”

Section: View Article Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals

Wania

Shunthirasingham

2020

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Section: G1 Pas Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: View Article Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals

Wania

Shunthirasingham

2020

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…Compared to coastal, urban, and agricultural sites in southern India, ratio values for BaA/(BaA + CHR) were higher at the sites close to ship breaking activities in Chittagong, and FLT/(FLT + PYR) values were in the same range. 42 Methodological Limitations. PUF-based PAS was selected as sampling material on the basis of its performance in spatial mapping on both a regional and global scale (see references in Materials and Methods section).…”

Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

High Concentrations of Organic Contaminants in Air from Ship Breaking Activities in Chittagong, Bangladesh

Nøst

Halse

Randall

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The beaches on the coast of Chittagong in Bangladesh are one of the most intense ship breaking areas in the world. The aim of the study was to measure the concentrations of organic contaminants in the air in the city of Chittagong, including the surrounding ship breaking areas using passive air samplers (N = 25). The compounds detected in the highest amounts were the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), whereas dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were several orders of magnitude lower in comparison. PCBs, PAHs, and HCB were highest at sites near the ship breaking activities, whereas DDTs and SCCPs were higher in the urban areas. Ship breaking activities likely act as atmospheric emission sources of PCBs, PAHs, and HCB, thus adding to the international emphasis on responsible recycling of ships. Concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, HCB, and SCCPs in ambient air in Chittagong are high in comparison to those found in similar studies performed in other parts of Asia. Estimated toxic equivalent quotients indicate elevated human health risks caused by inhalation of PAHs at most sites.

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“…These different types of exposure determine the degree of toxicity of pesticides [6,13,40]. The main ways pesticides come into contact with the human body are through the dermal, oral, and respiratory routes (Figure 2) [10,33,[44][45][46][47]. Dermal exposure is the most common and effective exposure route [48][49][50] for farmers who are exposed to pesticides because of splashing, spillage, or spray drift of pesticides [51][52][53], especially when they use pesticides in agriculture or in household activities [1,[54][55][56][57].…”

Section: Routes Of Pesticide Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application

Tudi

et al. 2022

Toxics

112

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Pesticides play an important role in agricultural development. However, pesticide application can result in both acute and chronic human toxicities, and the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and human health remain a serious problem. There is therefore a need to discuss the application methods for pesticides, the routes of pesticide exposure, and the health risks posed by pesticide application. The health problems related to pesticide application and exposure in developing countries are of particular concern. The purpose of this paper is to provide scientific information for policymakers in order to allow the development of proper pesticide application technics and methods to minimize pesticide exposure and the adverse health effects on both applicators and communities. Studies indicate that there are four main pesticide application methods, including hydraulic spraying, backpack spraying, basal trunk spraying, and aerial spraying. Pesticide application methods are mainly selected by considering the habits of target pests, the characteristics of target sites, and the properties of pesticides. Humans are directly exposed to pesticides in occupational, agricultural, and household activities and are indirectly exposed to pesticides via environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. Human exposure to pesticides occurs mainly through dermal, oral, and respiratory routes. People who are directly and/or indirectly exposed to pesticides may contract acute toxicity effects and chronic diseases. Although no segment of the general population is completely protected against exposure to pesticides and their potentially serious health effects, a disproportionate burden is shouldered by people in developing countries. Both deterministic and probabilistic human health risk assessments have their advantages and disadvantages and both types of methods should be comprehensively implemented in research on exposure and human health risk assessment. Equipment for appropriate pesticide application is important for application efficiency to minimize the loss of spray solution as well as reduce pesticide residuals in the environment and adverse human health effects due to over-spraying and residues. Policymakers should implement various useful measures, such as integrated pest management (IPM) laws that prohibit the use of pesticides with high risks and the development of a national implementation plan (NIP) to reduce the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and on human health.

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Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Atmospheric Air of Tamil Nadu, India, and Human Health Risk Assessment

Cited by 24 publications

References 67 publications

Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals

Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals

High Concentrations of Organic Contaminants in Air from Ship Breaking Activities in Chittagong, Bangladesh

Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Application

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