Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Cell Wall Components in the Placentas, Ovules and Female Gametophytes of Utricularia during Pollination

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Carnivorous plants are unique due to their ability to attract small animals or protozoa, retain them in specialized traps, digest them, and absorb nutrients from the dissolved prey material; however, to this end, these plants need a special secretion-digestive system (glands). A common trait of the digestive glands of carnivorous plants is the presence of transfer cells. Using the aquatic carnivorous species Aldrovanda vesiculosa, we showed carnivorous plants as a model for studies of wall ingrowths/transfer cells. We addressed the following questions: Is the cell wall ingrowth composition the same between carnivorous plant glands and other plant system models? Is there a difference in the cell wall ingrowth composition between various types of gland cells (glandular versus endodermoid cells)? Fluorescence microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy were employed to localize carbohydrate epitopes associated with major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The cell wall ingrowths were enriched with arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) localized with the JIM8, JIM13, and JIM14 epitopes. Both methylesterified and de-esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) were absent or weakly present in the wall ingrowths in transfer cells (stalk cells and head cells of the gland). Both the cell walls and the cell wall ingrowths in the transfer cells were rich in hemicelluloses: xyloglucan (LM15) and galactoxyloglucan (LM25). There were differences in the composition between the cell wall ingrowths and the primary cell walls in A. vesiculosa secretory gland cells in the case of the absence or inaccessibility of pectins (JIM5, LM19, JIM7, LM5, LM6 epitopes); thus, the wall ingrowths are specific cell wall microdomains. Even in the same organ (gland), transfer cells may differ in the composition of the cell wall ingrowths (glandular versus endodermoid cells). We found both similarities and differences in the composition of the cell wall ingrowths between the A. vesiculosa transfer cells and transfer cells of other plant species.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunocytochemical Analysis of the Wall Ingrowths in the Digestive Gland Transfer Cells in Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Droseraceae)

Płachno

Kapusta²,

Stolarczyk

et al. 2022

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“…The detailed procedure for observing the histological sections and conducting the immunochemical analysis were as described in Płachno et al [28,29]. The plant material was fixed overnight at 4 • C in 8% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (PFA, Sigma-Aldrich, Sigma-Aldrich Sp.…”

Section: Histological and Immunochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabinogalactan Proteins in the Digestive Glands of Dionaea muscipula J.Ellis Traps

Płachno

Kapusta

Stolarczyk

et al. 2022

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The arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) play important roles in plant growth and developmental processes. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no information on the spatial distribution of AGP in the plant organs and tissues of carnivorous plants during their carnivorous cycle. The Dionaea muscipula trap forms an “external stomach” and is equipped with an effective digestive-absorbing system. Because its digestive glands are composed of specialized cells, the hypothesis that their cell walls are also very specialized in terms of their composition (AGP) compared to the cell wall of the trap epidermal and parenchyma cells was tested. Another aim of this study was to determine whether there is a spatio-temporal distribution of the AGP in the digestive glands during the secretory cycle of D. muscipula. Antibodies that act against AGPs, including JIM8, JIM13 and JIM14, were used. The localization of the examined compounds was determined using immunohistochemistry techniques and immunogold labeling. In both the un-fed and fed traps, there was an accumulation of AGP in the cell walls of the gland secretory cells. The epitope, which is recognized by JIM14, was a useful marker of the digestive glands. The secretory cells of the D. muscipula digestive glands are transfer cells and an accumulation of specific AGP was at the site where the cell wall labyrinth occurred. Immunogold labeling confirmed an occurrence of AGP in the cell wall ingrowths. There were differences in the AGP occurrence (labeled with JIM8 and JIM13) in the cell walls of the gland secretory cells between the unfed and fed traps.

“…Accumulation of specific AGP epitopes recognized by different monoclonal antibodies was already detected in tissues connected with sexual reproduction in many plant species. The occurrence of AGP epitopes (JIM13, JIM15, LM2, MAC207) in the micropylar pole of the nucellus, in the embryo sac, and in the egg apparatus of Amaranthus hypochondriacus [30], Arabidopsis thaliana [11], Olea europaea [31], Fragaria × ananassa [13], and Utricularia [32] was described as the presumed role of AGPs during female structure development. AGPs were connected with active regulation of selection of megaspores [33], 'promotion' of viable megaspores [15], involvement in initiation of female gametogenesis [17], biochemical support for the pollen tube to reach the embryo sac in transmission track [32] and contribution to the fertilization, and the proembryo development [14,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of AGP epitopes (JIM13, JIM15, LM2, MAC207) in the micropylar pole of the nucellus, in the embryo sac, and in the egg apparatus of Amaranthus hypochondriacus [30], Arabidopsis thaliana [11], Olea europaea [31], Fragaria × ananassa [13], and Utricularia [32] was described as the presumed role of AGPs during female structure development. AGPs were connected with active regulation of selection of megaspores [33], 'promotion' of viable megaspores [15], involvement in initiation of female gametogenesis [17], biochemical support for the pollen tube to reach the embryo sac in transmission track [32] and contribution to the fertilization, and the proembryo development [14,34]. Furthermore, AGPs occurred in mucilage mother cells, and their accumulation was correlated with a hypothetical role in communication between maternal tissues and the embryo [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Low Temperature on Changes in AGP Distribution during Development of Bellis perennis Ovules and Anthers

Leszczuk

Szczuka

Lewtak

et al. 2021

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a class of heavily glycosylated proteins occurring as a structural element of the cell wall-plasma membrane continuum. The features of AGPs described earlier suggest that the proteins may be implicated in plant adaptation to stress conditions in important developmental phases during the plant reproduction process. In this paper, the microscopic and immunocytochemical studies conducted using specific antibodies (JIM13, JIM15, MAC207) recognizing the carbohydrate chains of AGPs showed significant changes in the AGP distribution in female and male reproductive structures during the first stages of Bellis perennis development. In typical conditions, AGPs are characterized by a specific persistent spatio-temporal pattern of distribution. AGP epitopes are visible in the cell walls of somatic cells and in the megasporocyte walls, megaspores, and embryo sac at every stage of formation. During development in stress conditions, the AGP localization is altered, and AGPs entirely disappear in the embryo sac wall. In the case of male development, AGPs are present in the tapetum, microsporocytes, and microspores in normal conditions. In response to development at lower temperature, AGPs are localized in the common wall of microspores and in mature pollen grains. Additionally, they are accumulated in remnants of tapetum cells.