Spatio-temporal analysis of graffiti occurrence in an inner-city urban environment

Littering in context(s): Using a quasi-natural experiment to explore geographic influences on antisocial behavior

“…That being said, to the extent that social norms are acquired by participating in and observing social interactions, the meaning of the word 'norm' is somewhat ambiguous (Cialdini et al, 1990). There is sometimes (perhaps often) a gap between what individuals and groups believe are appropriate behaviors, and what those agents actually do in practice (e.g., Henrich & Henrich, 2007). For that reason, there are at least two ways of thinking about norms.…”

“…In particular, the costly information hypothesis implies that the seemingly limitless number and diversity of sociospatial situations experienced by individual human beings makes acquiring accurate context-specific behavioral information inordinately costly (e.g., Henrich & McElreath, 2003). Accordingly, evolution has favored the development of sociocultural learning mechanisms that allow persons to obtain cheaper, but noisier and less accurate, information about how to behave in certain contexts (e.g., Henrich & Henrich, 2007). One such mechanism is known as conformist transmission (Henrich & McElreath, 2003), and it leverages individuals' inherent abilities to perceive and classify visual cues from a given environment (e.g., O'Brien & Wilson, 2011).…”

“…The term 'antisocial' in this sense refers not to the psychological notion of aversion to others, but to the broader connotation of individual-level actions or attitudes that undermine collective-level well-beingdi.e., it is the opposite of 'prosocial' (e.g., Gintis, Bowles, Boyd, & Fehr, 2005;Henrich & Henrich, 2007;O'Brien, 2009;Wilson, O'Brien, & Sesma, 2009). That being said, a popular explanation for how antisocial behavior "spreads" across geographic space is the broken windows theory (BWT) proffered by Wilson and Kelling (1982).…”

“…This observation is regularly studied under the heading of 'neighborhood effects', a term that describes the phenomenon whereby spatially-based attributes materially influence individual-or household-level actions and outcomes (e.g., Galster, 2012). An important conclusion from this stream of literature for applied geographers and city policymakers is that, when left unchecked, the presence of negative visual cues in a local environment can exacerbate urban problems of crime (Patino et al, 2014;Zhang & McCord, 2014), graffiti (Haworth, Bruce, & Iveson, 2013), or blight (Weaver & Bagchi-Sen, 2013), among others. Hence, it is useful to build a deeper understanding of the contexts that (do not) cultivate or facilitate the spread of antisocial behaviors in space, in order to develop better management strategies for handling these issues.…”

Incorporation of Duffing Oscillator and Wigner-Ville Distribution in Traffic Flow Prediction

“…Much of the recent work in this field focuses on enhancement techniques and methods of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio [14][15][16][17]. Methods like linear regression, logic regression model, Poisson model and negative binominal model are subject to strong assumption and limitations in applications [18].…”