Spatially resolved small-angle x-ray scattering studies of soot inception and growth

Measurements of the structures of nanoparticles in flames by in situ detection of scattered x-ray radiation

“…32,33 This is the region to which SAXS measurements generally are confined. On the other hand, the complementary region ͑q Ͼ 1 Å −1 ͒ contains most of the information on molecular or particle structure as we will show.…”

“…31 In order to resolve the structure and the size of nanometer-sized particles the wavelength of the scattering process should be of the order of the interatomic bond distance, which typically is 1 -2 Å and therefore far more powerful than laser scattering techniques. Synchrotron x-ray scattering based on small-angle x-ray scattering [32][33][34] ͑SAXS͒ and wide-angle x-ray scattering 35 ͑WAXS͒ in this wavelength region have been used for measurements of nanoparticles or soot particles. Soot properties have also been investigated, at synchrotron radiation facilities, by measuring the x-ray induced ionization current from flames.…”

“…32,33 SAXS has also been used to measure the synthesis of silica nanoparticles in flames. 34 Whereas the highest sensitive to particle diameter is observed in the small-angle region, the wide-angle region contains mostly information on particle structure.…”

Synchrotron radiation studies of additives in combustion I: Water

“…We and others have recently used Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) [24,25] techniques to study in situ the size and distribution of soot particles in diffusion flames. In an extension of our work, we have investigated the change in the size and number of soot particles that occurs when water is injected into an ethylene flame.…”

A comparative study of nanoparticles in premixed flames by scanning mobility particle sizer, small angle neutron scattering, and transmission electron microscopy

“…These techniques include UV light scattering, fluorescence and absorption [1,2], small-angle X-ray scattering [e.g., 3,4], small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) [5], probe sampling/scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) [6][7][8][9], and photo ionization mass spectrometry [10,11]. Common to the findings of these techniques was the detection of an abundant number of particles below 10 nm in sooting flames.…”