Spatially resolved observations of the forbidden SO a1Δ→X3Σ−a1Δ→X3Σ− rovibronic transition on Io during an eclipse and a volcanic eruption at Ra Patera

Pater, Imke de; Laver, Conor; Marchis, Franck; Roe, H. G.; Macintosh, Bruce

doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.011

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…We examined the effect of an outburst by varying Loki's temperature by up to 50%, and saw a very similar profile to that shown in fig 2. This implies that a single, large hotspot can dominate the thermal background (Marchis et al 2002, Macintosh et al 2003, de Pater et al 2007), adding more uncertainty to the background measurements. We also investigated the effects of varying the hotspot size by 10% at constant temperature and varying the sub-earth point over the hour duration of Io's eclipse and found these to be of minor influence compared to the variations caused by temperature fluctuations.…”

Section: Continuum Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal behavior of the SO 1.707 μm ro-vibronic emission band in Io's atmosphere

Laver¹,

Pater²,

Roe³

et al. 2007

Icarus

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We report observations of the ro-vibronic a 1 ∆ → X 3 Σ − transition of SO at 1.707 µm on Io. These data were taken while Io was eclipsed by Jupiter, on four nights between July 2000 and March 2003. We analyze these results in conjunction with a previously published night to investigate the temporal behavior of these emissions. The observations were all conducted using the near-infrared spectrometer NIRSPEC on the W.M. Keck II telescope. The integrated emitted intensity for this band varies from 0.8 x 10 27 to 2.4 x 10 27 photons/sec, with a possible link to variations in Loki's infrared brightness. The band-shapes imply rotational temperatures of 550-1000K for the emitting gas, lending further evidence to a volcanic origin for sulfur monoxide. An attempt to detect the B 1 Σ → X 3 Σ − transition of SO at 0.97 µm was unsuccessful; simultaneous detection with the 1.707 µm band would permit determination of the SO column abundance.

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Section: Continuum Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal behavior of the SO 1.707 μm ro-vibronic emission band in Io's atmosphere

Laver¹,

Pater²,

Roe³

et al. 2007

Icarus

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“…An exception is SO, mapped through the emission of forbidden ro-vibronic transition at 1.707 lm in eclipse (de Pater et al, 2007). The derived emission map showed the presence of SO in various confined regions over the satellite, collocated with active volcanic regions (hot-spots).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous mapping of SO2, SO, NaCl in Io’s atmosphere with the Submillimeter Array

Moullet

Gurwell

Lellouch

et al. 2010

Icarus

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“…Beyond SO 2 only three molecular species have been identified in the lower atmosphere: -SO is the main expected photochemistry product of SO 2 and was first detected by Lellouch et al (1996) with an abundance of 3-10% with respect to SO 2 (i.e., mixing ratio). Measurements of significant temporal variations in SO mixing ratio, as well as mapping of SO lines emission (de Pater et al 2007;Moullet et al 2010) that shows a spatial distribution more localized and linked to volcanic centers than the bulk SO 2 atmosphere, support the hypothesis that atmospheric SO is at least partially sustained by plume outgassing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…spond to the case of SO being entirely sustained by SO 2 photolysis, for which SO mixing ratios lower than 0.15 are indeed predicted (Summers & Strobel 1996). However several arguments in favor of an additional volcanic source for SO have been proposed, including a more localized and plume-linked distribution for SO compared to SO 2 (Moullet et al 2010) and the detection of temporal mixing ratio variations (de Pater et al 2007). While our disk-averaged spectrum does not carry information on SO spatial distribution, we can investigate the possibility of a purely volcanically sustained SO atmosphere with our volcanic models.…”

Section: Somentioning

confidence: 97%

EXPLORING IO'S ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION WITH APEX: FIRST MEASUREMENT OF³⁴SO₂AND TENTATIVE DETECTION OF KCl

Moullet¹,

Lellouch²,

Moreno³

et al. 2013

ApJ

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The composition of Io's tenuous atmosphere is poorly constrained. Only the major species SO 2 and a handful of minor species have been positively identified, but a variety of other molecular species should be present, based on thermochemical equilibrium models of volcanic gas chemistry and the composition of Io's environment. This paper focuses on the spectral search for expected yet undetected molecular species (KCl, SiO, S 2 O) and isotopes ( 34 SO 2 ). We analyze a disk-averaged spectrum of a potentially line-rich spectral window around 345 GHz, obtained in 2010 at the APEX-12m antenna (Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment). Using different models assuming either extended atmospheric distributions or a purely volcanically-sustained atmosphere, we tentatively measure the KCl relative abundance with respect to SO 2 and derive a range of 4×10 −4 -8×10 −3 . We do not detect SiO or S 2 O and present new upper limits on their abundances. We also present the first measurement of the 34 S/ 32 S isotopic ratio in gas phase on Io, which appears to be twice as high as the Earth and ISM reference values. Strong lines of SO 2 and SO are also analyzed to check for longitudinal variations of column density and relative abundance. Our models show that, based on their predicted relative abundance with respect to SO 2 in volcanic plumes, both the tentative KCl detection and SiO upper limit are compatible with a purely volcanic origin for these species.

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Spatially resolved observations of the forbidden SO a1Δ→X3Σ−a1Δ→X3Σ− rovibronic transition on Io during an eclipse and a volcanic eruption at Ra Patera

Cited by 19 publications

References 25 publications

Temporal behavior of the SO 1.707 μm ro-vibronic emission band in Io's atmosphere

Temporal behavior of the SO 1.707 μm ro-vibronic emission band in Io's atmosphere

Simultaneous mapping of SO2, SO, NaCl in Io’s atmosphere with the Submillimeter Array

EXPLORING IO'S ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION WITH APEX: FIRST MEASUREMENT OF³⁴SO₂AND TENTATIVE DETECTION OF KCl

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Spatially resolved observations of the forbidden SO a1Δ→X3Σ−a1Δ→X3Σ− rovibronic transition on Io during an eclipse and a volcanic eruption at Ra Patera

Cited by 19 publications

References 25 publications

Temporal behavior of the SO 1.707 μm ro-vibronic emission band in Io's atmosphere

Temporal behavior of the SO 1.707 μm ro-vibronic emission band in Io's atmosphere

Simultaneous mapping of SO2, SO, NaCl in Io’s atmosphere with the Submillimeter Array

EXPLORING IO'S ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION WITH APEX: FIRST MEASUREMENT OF34SO2AND TENTATIVE DETECTION OF KCl

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EXPLORING IO'S ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION WITH APEX: FIRST MEASUREMENT OF³⁴SO₂AND TENTATIVE DETECTION OF KCl