“…Modern nanophotonic devices have been developed based on wavelength-sized or subwavelength-sized nanostructures, such as photonic crystals [1,2,3,4], surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) [5,6], and metamaterials [7,8,9]. In particular, SPPs have been researched because of their unique ability to manipulate light in devices with subwavelength size.…”