Spatial variation of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in ambient air across Australia

Mourik, Louise M. van; Wang, Xianyu; Paxman, C.; Leonards, P.E.G.; Wania, Frank; Boer, Jacob de; Mueller, Jochen F.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114141

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…1−3 Current research on CPs mainly focuses on SCCPs which show characteristics of persistence, long-range transport, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. 2,4−7 Studies have shown that SCCPs could be detected in various environmental and human samples, including air, 8,9 dust, 10,11 soil, 12,13 sluge, 14,15 biota, 16−18 human blood, 19 breast milk, and maternal and cord serum. 20,21 Since SCCPs have been listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention in 2017, 22 the production and usage of MCCPs as replacement chemicals is increasing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) include a range of chlorinated n -alkanes divided into short-, medium-, and long chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs (C 10 -C 13 ), MCCPs (C 14 -C 17 ), and LCCPs (C ≥18 )) based on the carbon chain length. CP products, such as CP-42 and CP-52, are widely used as secondary plasticizers in rubber/paints/plastics/sealants, flame retardants, and metal cutting fluids, resulting in a great amount of CPs released into the environment and entering food webs. − Current research on CPs mainly focuses on SCCPs which show characteristics of persistence, long-range transport, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. ,− Studies have shown that SCCPs could be detected in various environmental and human samples, including air, , dust, , soil, , sluge, , biota, − human blood, breast milk, and maternal and cord serum. , Since SCCPs have been listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention in 2017, the production and usage of MCCPs as replacement chemicals is increasing. The total registered volume of MCCPs production in Europe was about 10000–100000 t/year, much higher than that of SCCPs (1000–10000 t/year) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medium- and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Mature Maize Plants and Corresponding Agricultural Soils

Chen

Hou

Liu

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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For the most complex artificial chlorinated environmental contaminants, much less is known for medium-chain CPs than short-chain CPs. In this research, the spatial distributions of MCCPs and SCCPs in farmland soil and maize leaves near a CP production facility were found marginally influenced by seasonal winds. The levels of ∑MCCPs and ∑SCCPs were in the ranges of <1.51−188 and 5.41−381 ng/g dw for soils; and 77.6−52930 and 119−61999 ng/g dw for maize leaf, respectively. Bioaccumulation and tissue distributions of the CPs within maize plants were specifically analyzed. Most of the CPs were contained in the tissues directly exposed to airborne CPs. Though the estimated risk of CPs to humans through ingestion of kernels appears to be minimal, the edible safety of MCCPs in maize plants for cattle was nearly in the designated range of adverse effects. To our knowledge, this is the first report on bioaccumulation of CPs in mature maize plants, especially in the parts eaten by humans and domestic animals. It provides a baseline reference to the edible risks of CPs in agricultural food plants and alerts us to the problematic environmental behavior of MCCPs, a probable future replacement for SCCPs commercially.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium- and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Mature Maize Plants and Corresponding Agricultural Soils

Chen

Hou

Liu

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…MCCPs and LCCPs are still produced and used as alternatives to SCCPs, resulting in increasing concern with respect to their risks to the environment and human health. Compared to other chlorinated organic pollutants, information on CP levels in the atmosphere and their temporal trends is still scarce for most countries. , This is mainly because of their complexity (with over 10,000 congeners) and associated analytical challenges . Shang et al and Wong et al reported SCCP and MCCP concentrations in house and indoor office dust samples, respectively, from Canada.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance on the Application of Polyurethane Foam Disk Passive Air Samplers for Measuring Nonane and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Air: Results from a Screening Study in Urban Air

Niu

Harner

Chen

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study provides guidance on using polyurethane foam-based passive air samplers (PUF-PASs) for atmospheric nonane chlorinated paraffins (C9-CPs) and short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and reports SCCP concentrations in air in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada. We estimated the partition coefficients between PUF and air (K PUF‑A) and between octanol and air (K OA) for C9-CP and SCCP congeners using the COSMO-RS method, so that PUF disk uptake profiles for each formula group could be calculated. We then measured SCCP concentrations in PUF disk samples collected from distinct source sectors in urban air across the GTA. Concentrations in samplers were used to calculate C9-CP and SCCP concentrations in air and the PUF disk uptake profiles revealed that time-weighted linear phase sampling was possible for congeners having log K OA values greater than 8.5. The highest SCCP concentrations, with an annual average concentration of 35.3 ng/m3, were measured at the industrial site, whereas lower but comparable SCCP concentrations were found in residential and background sites, with annual averages of 7.73 and 10.5 ng/m3, respectively. No consistent seasonal variation in SCCP concentrations was found in the six distinct source sectors. Direct measurements of K PUF‑A and K OA values as a function of temperature could be used to increase accuracy in future studies.

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“…SCCP concentration in gas phase and particle phase ranged from 82 to 316 ng m −3 and 7 to 17 ng m −3 , respectively, and ∑SCCP concentrations in air samples were lower as the distance from the CP plant increased. In Australia, van Mourik et al (2020b) determined SCCP concentration in ambient air samples from urban (UR), rural (RU) and remote areas (RE). SCCP concentrations in the gas phase from samplers deployed at two remote sites (RE 1-2 ) were below MDL and if ∑SCCP concentration above MDL, ranged from 11 (RU 5 ) to 170 (RU 1 ) ng/ sampler with ∑SCCP concentration of 61 ng/sampler.…”

Section: Sccp Studies In Different Continentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

Nevondo

Okonkwo

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been applied as additives in a wide range of consumer products, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, mining conveyor belts, paints, sealants, adhesives and as flame retardants. Consequently, CPs have been found in many matrices. Of all the CP groups, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have raised an alarming concern globally due to their toxicity, persistence and long-range transportation in the environment. As a result, SCCPs were listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in May 2017. Additionally, a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1% by weight. CPs can be released into the environment throughout their life cycle; therefore, it becomes crucial to assess their effects in different matrices. Although about 199 studies on SCCP concentration in different matrices have been published in other continents; however, there are scarce/or limited studies on SCCP concentration in Africa, particularly on consumer products, landfill leachates and sediment samples. So far, published studies on SCCP concentration in the continent include SCCPs in egg samples, e-waste recycling area and indoor dust in Ghana and South Africa, despite absence of any production of SCCPs in Africa. However, there still remains a huge research gap in the continent of Africa on SCCPs. Consequently, there is a need to develop robust SCCP inventories in Africa since the Stockholm Convention has already developed guidance document in this respect. This review, therefore, examines the state of knowledge pertaining to the levels and trends of these contaminants in Africa and further provides research gaps that need to be considered in order to better understand the global scale of the contaminant.

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Spatial variation of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in ambient air across Australia

Cited by 38 publications

References 36 publications

Medium- and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Mature Maize Plants and Corresponding Agricultural Soils

Medium- and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Mature Maize Plants and Corresponding Agricultural Soils

Guidance on the Application of Polyurethane Foam Disk Passive Air Samplers for Measuring Nonane and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Air: Results from a Screening Study in Urban Air

Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

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