Spatial statistical and environmental correlation analyses on vector density, vector infection index and Japanese encephalitis cases at the village and pigsty levels in Liyi County, Shanxi Province, China

Abstract

Background In the eco-epidemiological context of Japanese encephalitis (JE), geo-environmental features influence the spatial spread of the vector (Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Giles 1901) density, vector infection, and JE cases. Methods In Liyi County, Shanxi Province, China, the spatial autocorrelation of mosquito vector density, vector infection indices, and JE cases were investigated at the pigsty and village scales. The map and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) remote sensing databases on township JE cases and geo-environmental features were combined in a Geographic Information System (GIS), and the connections among these variables were analyzed with regression and spatial analyses. Results At the pigsty level, the vector density but not the infection index of the vector was spatially autocorrelated. For the pigsty vector density, the cotton field area was positively related, whereas the road length and the distance between pigsties and gullies were negatively related. In addition, the vector infection index was correlated with the pigsty vector density (PVD) and the number of pigs. At the village level, the vector density, vector infection index, and number of JE cases were not spatially autocorrelated. In the study area, the geo-environmental features, vector density, vector infection index, and JE case number comprised the Geo-Environment-Vector-JE (GEVJ) intercorrelation net system. In this system, pig abundance and cotton area were positive factors influencing the vector density first. Second, the infection index was primarily influenced by the vector density. Lastly, the JE case number was determined by the vector infection index and the wheat area. Conclusions This study provided quantitative associations among geo-environmental features, vectors, and the incidence of JE in study sties, one typical northern Chinese JE epidemiological area without rice cultivation. The results highlighted the importance of using a diverse range of environmental management methods to control mosquito disease vectors and provided useful information for improving the control of vector mosquitoes and reducing the incidence of JE in the northern Chinese agricultural context. Graphical Abstract

The spatiotemporal distribution and prognostic factors of Japanese encephalitis in Shanxi Province, China, 2005–2022

“…Temperature affects mosquito development and viral replication in an amplifying host and vector, and appropriate relative humidity allows mosquitoes to survive longer and spread further, increasing the risk of pathogen transmission ( Song et al., 2020 ; Tu et al., 2021 ). A study in Liyi County, Yuncheng City, found that cotton field water by periodic flooding generates abundant favorable breeding sites for JE vector mosquitoes, and cotton field irrigation management was beneficial for JE control in this region ( Liu et al., 2022 ). Furthermore, there was a tight association between pig number, vector infection rate, and the number of human JE cases ( Borah et al., 2013 ).…”

“…A study in Liyi County, Yuncheng City, found that cotton field water by periodic flooding generates abundant favorable breeding sites for JE vector mosquitoes, and cotton field irrigation management was beneficial for JE control in this region (Liu et al, 2022). Furthermore, there was a tight association between pig number, vector infection rate, and the number of human JE cases (Borah et al, 2013).…”