Spatial spread of malaria and economic frontier expansion in the Brazilian Amazon

Souza, Patrícia Feitosa; Xavier, Diego Ricardo; Mutis, Martha Cecilia Suárez; Mota, Jurema Corrêa da; Peiter, Paulo Cesar; Matos, Vanderlei Pascoal de; Magalhães, Mônica de Avelar Figueirêdo Mafra; Barcellos, Christovam

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217615

Cited by 51 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…In the Amazonian part of Brazil, between 2009 and 2015, each new square kilometer of deforestation was associated with 27 new cases of malaria [31]. A recent work that studied the spatial spread of malaria and "economic frontier" expansion in the Brazilian Amazon concluded that recent malaria cases were concentrated in the most remote areas characterized by economical projects including deforestation fronts [32]. In Colombia, the Annual Parasitic Incidence (API) for malaria was shown to increase according to the surface of illegally mined area [20,33].…”

Section: Deforestation and Number Of Malaria Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar conclusion was found in Madre de Dios region in Peru in 2001-2012, where the number of malaria cases per month had a strong association with the amount of extracted gold, but a weak association with the average gold prices [13]. In Brazilian Amazon, the risk of malaria differs with the type of mining: the API in 2013 in municipalities with illegal mining activities was about 20.8 to 22.3, while that in areas with industrial legal mining was between 0.2 and 0.5 [32]. In Guyana, the number of malaria cases is correlated with gold price and therefore the extent of mining activities (unpublished data).…”

Section: Gold Production and Number Of Malaria Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges

et al. 2020

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Purpose of Review Following Paraguay and Argentina, several countries from the Amazon region aim to eliminate malaria. To achieve this, all key affected and vulnerable populations by malaria, including people working on gold mining sites, must be considered. What is the situation of malaria in these particular settings and what are the challenges? This literature review aims to compile knowledge to answer these questions. Recent FindingsThe contexts in which gold miners operate are very heterogeneous: size and localization of mines, links with crime, administrative status of the mines and of the miners, mobility of the workers or national regulations. The number of malaria cases has been correlated with deforestation (Brazil, Colombia), gold production (Colombia), gold prices (Guyana), or location of the mining region (Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana). The burden of malaria in gold mines differs between territories: significant in Guyana, French Guiana, or Venezuela; lower in Brazil. Although Plasmodium vivax causes 75% of malaria cases in the Americas, P. falciparum is predominant in several gold mining regions, especially in the Guiana Shield. Because of the remoteness from health facilities, self-medication with under-the-counter antimalarials is frequent. This constitutes a significant risk for the emergence of new P. falciparum parasites resistant to antimalarial drugs. Summary Because of the workers' mobility, addressing malaria transmission in gold mines is essential, not only for miners, but also to prevent the (re-)emergence of malaria. Strategies among these populations should be tailored to the context because of the heterogeneity of situations in different territories. The transnational environment favoring malaria transmission also requires transborder and regional cooperation, where innovative solutions should be considered and evaluated.

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Section: Deforestation and Number Of Malaria Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gold Production and Number Of Malaria Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges

et al. 2020

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“…Malaria burden in Brazil is concentrated in the Amazon Basin [2]. Within this region, transmission is spatially heterogeneous [3,4] with pockets of high malaria transmission associated with fish farming in rural and urban areas [5], arrival of susceptible individuals in new rural settlements in forest fringes, and illegal activities such as mining and logging [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human movements, either seasonal or circular, or linear, within and across borders, are considered strong drivers of (re)introduction of malaria [13,15]. In the Amazon region, drivers of mobility include seasonal economic activities, seeking urban services, illegal activities, among others [4,16,7]. Commuting requires long hours in small boats or 4x4 vehicles to cross rivers or poorly maintained dirty roads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the Contribution of Mobility on Malaria Persistence

MFdC¹,

Ct²,

Bastos³

et al. 2020

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Abstract Background: Human mobility is an important determinant of malaria distribution and can explain different patterns of (re)introduction, circulation and persistence of malaria. In order to understand the association between human mobility patterns and the probability of getting malaria, this study revisited a household survey conducted in 2015 in Alto Juruá region, Acre state, Brazil. This region registers one the greatest malaria burden in Brazil. The goal of this work is to estimate the contribution of human commutation to the persistence of malaria. Methods: Data from the origin-destination survey was used to describe the intensity and motivation for commutation between rural settlements and urban areas in two municipalities, Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves. The relative time-person spent in each locality per household was estimated. A logistic regression model was fitted to estimate the effect of commuting on the probability of getting malaria for a householder from a zone of residence commuting to another zone. Results: Our main results suggests that this population is not very mobile. $96\%$ of households reported spending more than $90\%$ of their yearly person-hour at localities within the same zone. Study and work are the most prevalent motivation to displace, $40.5\%$ and $29.5\%$ respectively. Spending person-hours in urban Rodrigues Alves conferred relative protection to the residents of urban Mâncio Lima. On the other hand, spending time in rural Rodrigues Alves increased the probability of malaria, but not significant in rural Mâncio Lima. For urban Rodrigues Alves residents, spending time in urban and rural Mâncio Lima and rural Rodrigues Alves increased the probability of malaria, more so if going to the latter. Conclusion: The results suggests that the place one lives is a stronger determinant of the probability of getting malaria in Alto Juruá region and this can be a natural consequence of the low mobility and the local environment. The heterogeneity of malaria transmission in Brazil highlights the importance of microregion-targeted intervention since their risk signature within each municipality is quite different, despite being direct geographical neighbors. In addition, it is essential that intersectoral public policies be the basis for health mitigation actions.

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“…commodities, among others [4,16,7]. Commuting requires long hours in small boats or 4x4 vehicles to cross rivers or poorly maintained dirty roads.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the contribution of mobility to malaria persistence

Gomes

Codeço

Bastos

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: To achieve the goal of malaria elimination, it is important to determine the role of human mobility of maintain parasite transmission. The Alto Jurua basin (Brazil) has one of the largest prevalence of malaria vivax and malaria falciparum in the Amazon. The goal of this work was to estimate the contribution of human commutation on the persistence of malaria in this region using data from a origin-destination survey.Methods: Data from the origin-destination survey was used to describe the intensity and motivation for commutation between rural settlements and urban areas in two municipalities, Mancio Lima and Rodrigues Alves. The relativetime-person spent in each locality per household was estimated. A logistic model was fitted to estimate the effect of commuting on the probability of getting malaria for a householder from a zone of residence commuting to another zone.Results: Our main results suggest that this population is not very mobile. 96% of household reported spending more than 90% of the annual person-hour at localities within the same zone of residence. Study and work are the most prevalent motivations for commuting, 40.5% and 29.5% respectively. Spending person-hours in urban Rodrigues Alves conferred relative protection to the residents of urban Mancio Lima. On the other hand, spending time in urban Rodrigues Alves conferred protection against malaria for those living in urban Mancio Lima. The opposite effect occurs for those spending time in the rural areas of both municipalities.Conclusion: In the alto Jurua region, the place one lives is a stronger determinant of malaria risk than the place ones commute. These municipalities of a hotspot of Plasmodium transmission, thus understanding the main fluxes is essential to planning control strategies because the probability of getting malaria is dependent on the intensity of transmission of both, the area of origin and the area to which the displacement take place. The natural conditions for the circulation of pathogens such as the Plasmodium spp, combined with the pattern of mobility of humans in the Amazon, make clear the need of disease control perspective change. It is essential that intersectoral public policies be the basis for health mitigation actions.

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Spatial spread of malaria and economic frontier expansion in the Brazilian Amazon

Cited by 51 publications

References 43 publications

Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges

Malaria in Gold Miners in the Guianas and the Amazon: Current Knowledge and Challenges

Measuring the Contribution of Mobility on Malaria Persistence

Measuring the contribution of mobility to malaria persistence

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