Spatial spillover effects of urban decline in Southeast Michigan

What keeps urban areas from declining? Comparison of before and after effects of the urban regeneration project for the Busan city in South Korea

“…On the other hand, existing studies have primarily relied on variables such as vacant land, vacant houses, and nighttime lighting levels when selecting dependent variables to analyze urban decline [ 38 , 40 , 57 ]. The utilization of these variables as proxy data for urban decline may introduce substantial errors, particularly in varying regions, especially suburban areas.…”

“…Specifically, vacant lots and abandoned building have been highlighted for their direct role in urban decline, as they can create unfavorable perceptions within the community [ 37 ]. [ 38 ] employed ‘empty land’ as a prominent proxy variable for delineating urban decline, uncovering its correlations with several triggering factors of urban deterioration. In this context, the principal independent variables were analyzed through the lenses of ‘economy,’ ‘inequality,’ ‘housing,’ ‘persistent poverty,’ and ‘land use.’ The finding of this study demonstrated a positive correlation between larger water surface areas and agricultural land areas and the acceleration of urban decline.…”