“…The results of the simulation showed that the method presented in [40] achieves almost the same efficiency as the orthogonal matching pursuit. One of the most recent trends to overcome the interference problems and improve systems spectral efficiency is to use the beam-domain (BD) approach [41][42][43]. In [41], the strong self-interference (SI) between the transmitter and receiver of the base station of the massive MIMO system significantly degrades the spectral efficiency and hinders the implementation of co-time co-frequency uplink and downlink (CCUD) transmission.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In [42], the authors introduced a hybrid timeswitching and power splitting simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) protocol for FD Massive MIMO systems based on the BD approach to minimize the SI and improve the transmission SE. In [43], a BD based secure transmission technique has been introduced for massive MIMO systems to gain high resistance to the FD moving eavesdroppers. In addition, the authors introduced a joint power and combining matrix optimization algorithm to enhance the system's secrecy capacity.…”
The synthesis of pencil beam and arbitrarily shaped beam patterns of linear antenna arrays (LAA) using reduced number of antenna elements attracts the attention of researchers in recent years. In this paper, a hybrid beamforming technique based on the combination of the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique and the 1 minimization method denoted as (GA/ 1) is introduced for LAAs synthesis. The proposed GA/ 1 beamforming technique optimizes both the elements excitations and interelement spacing to synthesize the desired LAA pattern with a minimum number of antenna elements. The GA/ 1 technique provides an excellent approximation to the desired radiation pattern with high accuracy and low complexity (less number of iterations and computational time) compared to the other synthesis approaches introduced in the literature. In addition, as an application of this work, the proposed GA/ 1 technique is used to build up a proposed hybrid precoding and beamforming (HP-BF) structure for Massive Multi-input Multi-output (M-MIMO) systems. In this structure, the transmit antenna array is synthesized for maximum gain realization using the existing number of antenna elements. In the HP-BF structure, the proposed GA/ 1 technique is used to make full use of the existing transmit array elements to synthesize the radiation pattern of much larger size and higher gain arrays without the need for additional elements. Thereby, significant savings in the number of antenna elements and their corresponding radio frequency (RF) chains are achieved, which reduces the system complexity. In addition, the array gain maximization will maximize the received signal to noise ratio (SNR) giving rise to higher system performance in terms of spectral efficiency (SE) and power utilization. INDEX TERMS Array synthesis, analog phase shifters, hybrid precoding and beamforming structure, Massive Multi-input Multi-output, millimeter waves, spectral efficiency, uniform linear array.
“…The results of the simulation showed that the method presented in [40] achieves almost the same efficiency as the orthogonal matching pursuit. One of the most recent trends to overcome the interference problems and improve systems spectral efficiency is to use the beam-domain (BD) approach [41][42][43]. In [41], the strong self-interference (SI) between the transmitter and receiver of the base station of the massive MIMO system significantly degrades the spectral efficiency and hinders the implementation of co-time co-frequency uplink and downlink (CCUD) transmission.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In [42], the authors introduced a hybrid timeswitching and power splitting simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) protocol for FD Massive MIMO systems based on the BD approach to minimize the SI and improve the transmission SE. In [43], a BD based secure transmission technique has been introduced for massive MIMO systems to gain high resistance to the FD moving eavesdroppers. In addition, the authors introduced a joint power and combining matrix optimization algorithm to enhance the system's secrecy capacity.…”
The synthesis of pencil beam and arbitrarily shaped beam patterns of linear antenna arrays (LAA) using reduced number of antenna elements attracts the attention of researchers in recent years. In this paper, a hybrid beamforming technique based on the combination of the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique and the 1 minimization method denoted as (GA/ 1) is introduced for LAAs synthesis. The proposed GA/ 1 beamforming technique optimizes both the elements excitations and interelement spacing to synthesize the desired LAA pattern with a minimum number of antenna elements. The GA/ 1 technique provides an excellent approximation to the desired radiation pattern with high accuracy and low complexity (less number of iterations and computational time) compared to the other synthesis approaches introduced in the literature. In addition, as an application of this work, the proposed GA/ 1 technique is used to build up a proposed hybrid precoding and beamforming (HP-BF) structure for Massive Multi-input Multi-output (M-MIMO) systems. In this structure, the transmit antenna array is synthesized for maximum gain realization using the existing number of antenna elements. In the HP-BF structure, the proposed GA/ 1 technique is used to make full use of the existing transmit array elements to synthesize the radiation pattern of much larger size and higher gain arrays without the need for additional elements. Thereby, significant savings in the number of antenna elements and their corresponding radio frequency (RF) chains are achieved, which reduces the system complexity. In addition, the array gain maximization will maximize the received signal to noise ratio (SNR) giving rise to higher system performance in terms of spectral efficiency (SE) and power utilization. INDEX TERMS Array synthesis, analog phase shifters, hybrid precoding and beamforming structure, Massive Multi-input Multi-output, millimeter waves, spectral efficiency, uniform linear array.
“…Zero-forcing (ZF) and regularized zero-forcing (RZF) methods can efficiently manage interuser interference and provide some performance improvements [11]. The low-complexity schemes have been extended in recent works for more practical and complex cases, e.g., secure transmissions [12] and high-speed railway communications [13]. In these schemes, only channel state information (CSI) is exploited to determine the design of precoders.…”
Symbol level precoding based on the concept of constructive interference has been recognized as an advanced version of conventional interference-avoidance precoding for multiuser transmission. With the full knowledge of channel state information (CSI) and symbol information, inter-user interference is adjusted to bring constructive effect to the desired signal. However, the existing schemes are limited within the concept of channel pre-equalization which could be further improved. In this paper, we propose a symbol error rate (SER) minimization based constructive interference precoding scheme for multiuser systems. The constructive interference region is firstly defined based on the analysis of the SER expression, which implies that the proposed scheme is essentially a symbol pre-detection scheme. Then, we prove that the optimal precoded signal for SER minimization shall be the linear combination of the channel vectors. Accordingly, a modified feasible direction algorithm is developed to handle the complex expression of SER, where an extra projection step is proposed to enhance the efficiency of the feasible direction. Finally, the proposed scheme is further extended for transmit power optimization and imperfect CSI cases. Simulation results highlight the efficiency of the modified feasible direction, and the superiority of the proposed scheme in terms of SER and transmit power. INDEX TERMS Constructive interference precoding, multiuser systems, symbol error rate minimization, modified feasible direction, symbol pre-detection.
“…This setup is known as the interference channel and has been studied extensively. Approaches for the optimization of such network include for example game theory methods, SLNR, max-SINR and other interference alignment methods (see [8]- [15]).…”
This work sheds light on the effects of spatially multiplexed interference on multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) networks. In particular, any increase in the number of interfering data streams (while keeping the total interference power constant) is shown to degrade the quality of the interfered link. Although this statement appears very intuitive, it has yet to be proven. In this work, we first give a mathematical definition of the intuitive notion of 'increasing the number of streams' leads to proof that the achievable rate of a link decreases when any of its interferers increases its number of data streams. The achievable rate is measured by the mutual information of the link or by the spectral efficiency of the optimal linear Minimum-Mean-Square (MMSE) receiver. Correlatively, we show that the worst power allocation for an interferer is the equal power allocation for all the streams. This result highlights the importance of the optimization of the number of data streams at each transmitter in MIMO networks. INDEX TERMS Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), Wireless communication.
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