Spatial Resolution Enhancement of Time Domain Multiplexing Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor by Employing Differential Golay Codes

Zan, Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly; Elgaud, Mohamed M.; Abushagur, Abdulfatah A. G.; Hamzah, Abdulwahhab Essa; Teo, J. W. S.; Kiew, W. Y.; Mokhtar, Mohd Hadri Hafiz; Arsad, Norhana; Bakar, Ahmad Ashrif A

doi:10.1109/icp46580.2020.9206502

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The output power, pulse energy, and spectral coverage of fiber lasers have advanced over time. As such, they are currently used in numerous applications; such as medical, [1][2][3] gas sensing, 4,5 distributed fiber sensing, [6][7][8] and frequency comb generation. 9,10 Active and passive methods can be used to modulate the cavity of a fiber laser and produce laser pulses that are Q-switched and mode-locked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actively Q‐switching an all polarization‐maintaining erbium‐doped fiber laser using an intracavity electro‐optic modulator

Fadhel,

Muda,

Hamzah

et al. 2023

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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This present study demonstrates the utilization of an electro‐optic modulator (EOM) to actively Q‐switch the pulses produced by an all‐polarization‐maintaining (all‐PM) erbium‐doped fiber (EDF) laser (all‐PM‐EDF laser). Electrical sine waves that produced steady microsecond pulses at 1552 nm were used to power the 10 GHz bandwidth EOM. By altering the frequency of the external modulation signal and the power of the input pump, the width of the pulses produced by the all‐PM‐EDF laser (4 μs) could be further decreased to 2.6 μs. When the modulation frequency of the all‐PM‐EDF laser was 15 kHz, the highest pulse energy that it produced (145 nJ) corresponded to its highest power output (52 mW). Therefore, sources of single‐polarization pulsed lasers that are significantly resistant to mechanical and temperature disturbances can be designed by merging the configuration of an all‐PM with an EOM.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actively Q‐switching an all polarization‐maintaining erbium‐doped fiber laser using an intracavity electro‐optic modulator

Fadhel,

Muda,

Hamzah

et al. 2023

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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“…Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are emerging in a wide range of fields, especially in applications where the general strain gauges and encoders are not applicable due to the environment, wiring complexity, and electromagnetic interference [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The direct response of its resonance Bragg wavelength (RBW) to external physical effects is another critical feature that makes the FBG-based sensor a key photonic element compared with other fiber sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cantilever Beam with a Single Fiber Bragg Grating to Measure Temperature and Transversal Force Simultaneously

Abushagur

Arsad

Bakar

2021

Sensors

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This work investigates a new interrogation method of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor based on longer and shorter wavelengths to distinguish between transversal forces and temperature variations. Calibration experiments were carried out to examine the sensor’s repeatability in response to the transversal forces and temperature changes. An automated calibration system was developed for the sensor’s characterization, calibration, and repeatability testing. Experimental results showed that the FBG sensor can provide sensor repeatability of 13.21 pm and 17.015 pm for longer and shorter wavelengths, respectively. The obtained calibration coefficients expressed in the linear model using the matrix enabled the sensor to provide accurate predictions for both measurements. Analysis of the calibration and experiment results implied improvements for future work. Overall, the new interrogation method demonstrated the potential to employ the FBG sensing technique where discrimination between two/three measurands is needed.

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“…Over the past few years, there have been several reports on improving the conventional performance of Golay coded TDM-FBG sensors, including the deployment of interferometric noise suppressing Golay coded optical sources, nesting them with SC technique to improve their shapes and SNIR, and employing their differential form to enhance their spatial distribution and multiplexing capacity [ 8 , 9 , 16 ]. However, to the authors’ knowledge, proposals for easier-to-implement techniques, such as the digital filtering technique, to further improve the Golay coded TDM-FBG signals have not yet been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor

Elgaud

Zan

Abushagur

et al. 2021

Sensors

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For almost a half-decade, the unique autocorrelation properties of Golay complementary pairs (GCP) have added a significant value to the key performance of conventional time-domain multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors (TDM-FBGs). However, the employment of the unipolar form of Golay coded TDM-FBG has suffered from several performance flaws, such as limited improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNIR), noisy backgrounds, and distorted signals. Therefore, we propose and experimentally implement several digital filtering techniques to mitigate such limitations. Moving averages (MA), Savitzky–Golay (SG), and moving median (MM) filters were deployed to process the signals from two low reflectance FBG sensors located after around 16 km of fiber. The first part of the experiment discussed the sole deployment of Golay codes from 4 bits to 256 bits in the TDM-FBG sensor. As a result, the total SNIR of around 8.8 dB was experimentally confirmed for the longest 256-bit code. Furthermore, the individual deployment of MA, MM, and SG filters within the mentioned decoded sequences secured a further significant increase in SNIR of around 4, 3.5, and 3 dB, respectively. Thus, the deployment of the filtering technique alone resulted in at least four times faster measurement time (equivalent to 3 dB SNIR). Overall, the experimental analysis confirmed that MM outperformed the other two techniques in better signal shape, fastest signal transition time, comparable SNIR, and capability to maintain high spatial resolution.

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Spatial Resolution Enhancement of Time Domain Multiplexing Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor by Employing Differential Golay Codes

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Actively Q‐switching an all polarization‐maintaining erbium‐doped fiber laser using an intracavity electro‐optic modulator

Actively Q‐switching an all polarization‐maintaining erbium‐doped fiber laser using an intracavity electro‐optic modulator

Cantilever Beam with a Single Fiber Bragg Grating to Measure Temperature and Transversal Force Simultaneously

Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor

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