Spatial Properties and Functional Organization of Small Bistratified Ganglion Cells in Primate Retina

Field, Greg D.; Sher, Alexander; Gauthier, Jeffrey; Greschner, Martin; Shlens, Jonathon; Litke, A. M.; Chichilnisky, E. J.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3437-07.2007

Cited by 186 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…The small koniocellular fibers carrying S-cone signals to cortex should result in a slower time course for S-cone IRFs compared with luminance modulation (30,31). Our studies confirm these temporal dynamics and provide a demonstration of selective agerelated losses affecting a putative S-cone OFF pathway.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Aging of human short-wave cone pathways

Shinomori

Werner

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The retinal image is sampled concurrently, and largely independently, by three physiologically and anatomically distinct pathways, each with separate ON and OFF subdivisions. The retinal circuitry giving rise to an ON pathway receiving input from the short-wave-sensitive (S) cones is well understood, but the S-cone OFF circuitry is more controversial. Here, we characterize the temporal properties of putative S-cone ON and OFF pathways in younger and older observers by measuring thresholds for stimuli that produce increases or decreases in S-cone stimulation, while the middle-and long-wave-sensitive cones are unmodulated. We characterize the data in terms of an impulse response function, the theoretical response to a flash of infinitely short duration, from which the response to any temporally varying stimulus may be predicted. Results show that the S-cone response to increments is faster than to decrements, but this difference is significantly greater for older individuals. The impulse response function amplitudes for increment and decrement responses are highly correlated across individuals, whereas the timing is not. This strongly suggests that the amplitude is controlled by neural circuitry that is common to S-cone ON and OFF responses (photoreceptors), whereas the timing is controlled by separate postreceptoral pathways. The slower response of the putative OFF pathway is ascribed to different retinal circuitry, possibly attributable to a sign-inverting amacrine cell not present in the ON pathway. It is significant that this pathway is affected selectively in the elderly by becoming slower, whereas the temporal properties of the S-cone ON response are stable across the life span of an individual. O ne of the most basic properties of primate vision is that each point in the retinal image is sampled by at least three physiologically and anatomically distinct pathways (1, 2). These include a fast, high-contrast sensitivity, low-spatial resolution magnocellular pathway; and a slower, high-spatial resolution, chromatic parvocellular pathway. A third pathway, the koniocellular pathway, is color-opponent and slow, and it has poor spatial resolution. Overlaid onto the organization of these pathways are subdivisions into parallel ON and OFF systems (3). This originates at the first retinal synapse between the cone photoreceptor and the bipolar cell to give rise to the magnocellular or parvocellular pathways, resulting in further specialization and response selectivity for spatiotemporal luminance and/or chromatic increments (ON pathway) or decrements (OFF pathway). The assumption that detection of increments and decrements is mediated by separate ON and OFF pathways is supported by the work of Schiller et al. (4) in alert, behaving monkeys. During retinal infusion of the glutamate neurotransmitter analog 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, which blocks synaptic transmission from cones to ON-bipolar cells but not OFFbipolar cells, there is a profound loss in the ability to detect increments but not decrements. A number of oth...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Aging of human short-wave cone pathways

Shinomori

Werner

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…For Sϩ cells, the curves were generally bandpass Field et al, 2007), much like those obtained with S-cone-isolating gratings (Fig. 6 B-D).…”

Section: Spatial and Temporal Tuningsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…One cell type (Sϩ) opposes excitatory input from S-cones to a combined inhibitory signal from L-and M-cones (Derrington et al, 1984;Dacey and Lee, 1994;White et al, 1998;Silveira et al, 1999;Reid and Shapley, 2002;Chatterjee and Callaway, 2003;Field et al, 2007). Another, seldom encountered, cell type (SϪ) draws inhibitory input from S-cones (Kruger, 1977;Malpeli and Schiller, 1978;de Monasterio, 1979;Zrenner and Gouras, 1981;Zrenner et al, 1983;Derrington et al, 1984;Valberg et al, 1986;Reid and Shapley, 2002;Chatterjee and Callaway, 2003;Dacey and Packer, 2003;Szmajda et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Asymmetries in Visual Pathways Carrying S-Cone Signals in Macaque

Tailby

Solomon²,

Lennie³

2008

J. Neurosci.

131

152

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In the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque, we recorded from neurons with substantial input from S-cones and found that, on several important dimensions, the properties of neurons that receive inhibitory input from S-cones ("SϪ") are quite unlike those of neurons that receive excitatory input from S-cones ("Sϩ"). First, the organization of chromatic inputs differs substantially: in Sϩ cells, S-cone signals were usually opposed by those of L-and M-cones; in SϪ cells, signals from L-cones were usually opposed to those of S-and M-cones. Second, to pure S-cone modulation, Sϩ cells are twice as sensitive as SϪ cells, but SϪ cells were much more susceptible to contrast adaptation. Third, in SϪ cells but not Sϩ cells, the spatial frequency resolution for achromatic modulation was often greater, the tuning curve and more bandpass, than that for S-cone modulation. Along the dimensions on which we measured, the properties of the Sϩ cells were relatively tightly clustered, suggesting a homogenous class. Although the chromatic properties of SϪ cells are heterogeneous, the distribution of their tuning along other stimulus dimensions does not suggest multiple subtypes.

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“…2C). For example, arrays of small bistratified cells (8,9), which are more irregular than mosaics of parasol cells, not only have RFs with larger mean aspect ratio than those of parasol cells but also a greater variance in the aspect ratios across RFs in a mosaic. Thus, maximizing the number of regions that could be reliably distinguished based on the responses of the retinal array (or, equivalently, the mutual information about the location of a point light source) can account for the average statistical properties of RF shapes in different types of retinal cells.…”

Section: Mosaics Of Evenly Spaced Elliptical Rfsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S1 for how it is derived. If RFs are described as Gaussians, then the width of the Gaussian is found to be ϷL/2 in different species and types of retinal ganglion cells (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) (Fig. 1A), with the exception of some cell types in the salamander retina (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictable irregularities in retinal receptive fields

Liu

Stevens

Sharpee

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Understanding how the nervous system achieves reliable performance using unreliable components is important for many disciplines of science and engineering, in part because it can suggest ways to lower the energetic cost of computing. In vision, retinal ganglion cells partition visual space into approximately circular regions termed receptive fields (RFs). Average RF shapes are such that they would provide maximal spatial resolution if they were centered on a perfect lattice. However, individual shapes have fine-scale irregularities. Here, we find that irregular RF shapes increase the spatial resolution in the presence of lattice irregularities from Ϸ60% to Ϸ92% of that possible for a perfect lattice. Optimization of RF boundaries around their fixed center positions reproduced experimental observations neuron-by-neuron. Our results suggest that lattice irregularities determine the shapes of retinal RFs and that similar algorithms can improve the performance of retinal prosthetics where substantial irregularities arise at their interface with neural tissue.information theory ͉ neural coding ͉ optimal design ͉ retina

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Spatial Properties and Functional Organization of Small Bistratified Ganglion Cells in Primate Retina

Cited by 186 publications

References 103 publications

Aging of human short-wave cone pathways

Aging of human short-wave cone pathways

Functional Asymmetries in Visual Pathways Carrying S-Cone Signals in Macaque

Predictable irregularities in retinal receptive fields

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