Spatial pattern of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes in North Central Nigeria

Abstract

Aim:This study aimed to determine the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes circulating, the prevalence of FMDV serotypes, and the spatial distribution of FMDV among sedentary and pastoral cattle herds in the North-Central Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was undertaken, during which a total of 155 sera that tested positive for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 3ABC non-structural protein antibodies were selected and screened for FMD structural protein serotypes, A, O, SAT 1, and SAT 2 using a solid-phase competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Epithelial tissue specimens were collected during outbreak investigations which were tested for FMD using an antigen capture ELISA for serotype A, O, SAT 1, and SAT 2.Results:An overall serotype-specific prevalence of 79.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72.4-85.18) was recorded for serotype O, 65.2% (95% CI: 57.41-72.3) for serotype A, 52.9% (95% CI: 45.03-60.67) for SAT 2, and 33.55% (95% CI: 26.45-41.26) for SAT 1. Evidence of exposure to multiple FMDV serotypes showed that 12.26% of the sera samples had antibodies against four serotypes circulating, 30.97% had antibodies against three serotypes circulating, 22.58% had antibodies against two serotypes, and 17% showed exposure to only one serotype. Clinical specimens (epithelial tissue) collected during outbreak investigations showed that serotype O has the highest proportion of 50% with serotype A - 25%; SAT 2 - 20.8%; and SAT 1 - 4.1%.Conclusion:The study detected diffuse and co-circulation of serotypes A, O, SAT 1, and SAT 2 within the study area, and hence the need for the appropriately matched multivalent vaccine is strongly advocated for FMD control in Nigeria.

Serological and molecular epidemiology of foot‐and‐mouth disease viruses in agro‐pastoralist livestock herds in the kachia grazing reserve, Nigeria

“…The detection of antibodies against FMDV NSP by the 3ABC ELISA in sera from unvaccinated apparently healthy cattle and sheep from HHs distributed over all 6 blocks of the KGR indicates insidious circulation of FMDV in the entire KGR area. The overall sero‐prevalence of antibodies against FMDV NSPs in the apparently healthy animals estimated here was comparable to 27%‐29% levels previously recorded (Abegunde, ; Ehizibolo et al, ) in a neighboring State in the North Central region, but higher than the 12%–13% levels documented in cattle in the South Western (Dawe & Durojaiye, ) and North‐Central regions of Nigeria (Wungak et al, ). The overall anti‐FMDV NSP antibody sero‐prevalence observed in sheep was comparable to that previously reported (15%) from the South Western region of Nigeria (Obi & Newman, ).…”

Genetic diversity and comparison of diagnostic tests for characterization of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus strains from Pakistan 2008–2012

“…The simultaneous detection of two strains of FMDV in a single clinical field sample has been reported previously in a small number of samples collected in endemic countries, including Pakistan (Jamal et al, 2010;Ullah et al, 2017), Nigeria (Wungak et al, 2017) and…”

“…The simultaneous detection of two strains of FMDV in a single clinical field sample has been reported previously in a small number of samples collected in endemic countries, including Pakistan (Jamal et al., ; Ullah et al., ), Nigeria (Wungak et al., ) and Vietnam (Lee et al., ). However, the presence of two viruses does not differentiate coinfection in vivo from artifactual codetection associated with cross‐contamination of samples on the farm, during collection or in the laboratory.…”

“…The presence of multiple FMDVs in the same geotemporal space hinders disease control and may pose an increased risk of emergence of new strains. Numerous studies have reported serological evidence of infection with multiple serotypes within the same animal, which indicates evidence of cumulative, lifetime exposure (Eldaghayes et al., ; Ludi et al., ; Namatovu et al., ; Sikombe et al., ; Wungak et al., ). However, simultaneous coinfection is a distinct subcategory of multiple exposures and has been reported rarely in clinical samples from cattle (Jamal, Ferrari, Ahmed, Normann, & Belsham, ; Souley Kouato et al., ; Ullah et al., ; Wungak et al., ), but is believed to occur more frequently in oropharyngeal fluid samples from African Cape buffalo (Anderson, Doughty, Anderson, & Paling, ; Hedger, ; Vosloo et al., ).…”

“…Numerous studies have reported serological evidence of infection with multiple serotypes within the same animal, which indicates evidence of cumulative, lifetime exposure (Eldaghayes et al., ; Ludi et al., ; Namatovu et al., ; Sikombe et al., ; Wungak et al., ). However, simultaneous coinfection is a distinct subcategory of multiple exposures and has been reported rarely in clinical samples from cattle (Jamal, Ferrari, Ahmed, Normann, & Belsham, ; Souley Kouato et al., ; Ullah et al., ; Wungak et al., ), but is believed to occur more frequently in oropharyngeal fluid samples from African Cape buffalo (Anderson, Doughty, Anderson, & Paling, ; Hedger, ; Vosloo et al., ). An additional importance of cocirculation and coinfection lies in the ability of the distinct viruses to recombine, as demonstrated in several studies that have reported recombinant field viruses (Balinda et al., ; Jamal et al., ; Lee et al., ; Li, Shang, Liu, Liu, & Cai, ; Mohapatra et al., ).…”