Spatial pattern of ASG-EUPOS sites

Abstract

Abstract:The article presents the spatial pattern analysis of the ASG-EUPOS permanent GNSS stations in Poland. Using different methods and tools (nearest neighbour, Riplay's K-function, morphology of Thiessen polygons) we proved that the station distribution model changes within scales. At short distances up to 65 km, which are typical lengths in the network, stations are irregularly dispersed. Increasing this distance to 130 km and over could result in a clustered pattern. The Thiessen polygon area in 72% depends on the level of urbanization, especially coverage of forested and built-up areas as well as the density of the transportation network. The smallest density of the ASG-EUPOS sites is one station over 10,000 sq. km, which is two times more than is stated in the national regulations. The mean distance from ASG-EUPOS location to the nearest station is about 41.5 km.

GIScience Theory Based Assessment of Spatial Disparity of Geodetic Control Points Location

“…As stated in many national regulations and standards, the spacing of the higher-order stations can vary from 5 to 16 km [23,33,71]. The conducted research proved that, in Poland, such ISPRS Int.…”

“…Therefore, there is a clear tendency to place detailed geodetic control points (low-order) in a position that maximizes the use of various measurement techniques, especially those that are intended for use in GNSS observations [21,28,72]. High-order geodetic stations are dispersed regularly [25,39,73,74], and this evenness is only slightly disturbed in densely urbanized areas [23] or those with challenging environmental conditions [75]. At the local level, based on Poland as a case study, the clustered distribution and its relation to land cover/land use is evident and well documented [22,29,30], and the analysis revealed high clustering along roads, water courses, and in dense urban areas.…”

“…km), however they tend to cluster slightly in urbanized areas and forests (1.3 and 1.4 points per sq. km, respectively).Hence, the base geodetic control points (thereinafter refed as BGCPs) are of utmost importance for georeferencing of manuscripts of historical maps [11,18,19] or images from unmanned aerial vehicles [20].Geodetic control points should cover an area relatively evenly to enable accurate and cost-effective measurements [21][22][23]. Although there is a variety of studies considering the design and densification of geodetic control networks [16,24,25] as well as investigating the influence of topographic objects that hinder the visibility of the horizon, interfere with satellite signals, and, finally, affect the quality of geodetic control stations' positioning [26][27][28], a profound analysis of the spatial pattern of geodetic control points still requires investigation.…”

Validation of the number of tie vectors in post-processing using the method of frequency in a centric cube

“…The cosine similarity measure was transformed into the cosine distance between FCC matrices (equation (13)), which is a dissimilarity measure:…”

“…More information about spatial pattern analysis of the ASG-EUPOS stations in Poland can be found in ref. [13].…”