Spatial Non-Uniformity of Surface Temperature of the Dead Sea and Adjacent Land Areas

Kishcha, Pavel; Starobinets, Boris; Pinker, Rachel T.; Kunin, Pavel; Alpert, Pinhas

doi:10.3390/rs12010107

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Moreover, over the pixels covering the east part of the Dead Sea, SST was essentially higher than that over the pixels covering the west part of the lake. The observed spatial heterogeneity in SST, based on METEOSAT data, was in line with that based on MODIS data on board the Terra and Aqua satellites [4].…”

Section: Maps Of Spatial Heterogeneity In Sstsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…We focused on the region (31.4 • N-31.6 • N, 35.3 • E-35.65 • E) covering the western, middle, and eastern Dead Sea, as well as pixels covering land areas adjacent to the west and east sides of the Dead Sea (Figure 1). In this figure we used the same designations as in Kishcha et al [4].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The investigation of diurnal cycles of SST over the east, middle and west parts of the Dead Sea was carried out in the JAS summer months (July, August, and September) from 2005 to 2015. In these months, cloud cover over the Dead Sea is insignificant and does not influence solar insolation [4]. Based on hourly pyranometer data in the JAS summer months (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) at the Sdom meteorological station, the diurnal variation of solar insolation was symmetrical with respect to its maximum at 12 LT (Figure 2a and Table A1).…”

Section: Diurnal Cycle Of Summer Sstmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Therefore, in the hypersaline Dead Sea, a significant part of solar radiation is absorbed in the narrow layer near the surface producing considerable surface water heating. Using MODIS data of 5 × 5 km resolution on board the Terra and Aqua satellites from 2002 to 2016, Kishcha et al [4] showed spatial non-uniformity in SST under uniform solar radiation in the summer months. The SST non-uniformity could be caused by intralake heterogeneity in evaporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SST non-uniformity could be caused by intralake heterogeneity in evaporation. The above mentioned non-uniformity in Dead Sea SST was observed at 10:30 local time (LT) and 13:30 LT, when the Terra and Aqua satellites covered the Dead Sea [4]. It would be important to investigate diurnal behavior of this SST spatial non-uniformity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial Heterogeneity in Dead Sea Surface Temperature Associated with Inhomogeneity in Evaporation

Kishcha

Starobinets

2020

Remote Sensing

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Spatial heterogeneity in Dead Sea surface temperature (SST) was pronounced throughout the daytime, based on METEOSAT geostationary satellite data (2005–2015). In summer, SST peaked at 13 LT (local time), when SST reached 38.1 °C, 34.1 °C, and 35.4 °C being averaged over the east, middle, and west parts of the lake, respectively. In winter, daytime SST heterogeneity was less pronounced than that in summer. As the characteristic feature of the diurnal cycle, the SST daily temperature range (the difference between daily maxima and minima) was equal to 7.2 °C, 2.5 °C, and 3.8 °C over the east, middle, and west parts of the Dead Sea, respectively, in summer, compared to 5.3 °C, 1.2 °C, and 2.3 °C in winter. In the presence of vertical water mixing, the maximum of SST should be observed several hours later than that of land surface temperature (LST) over surrounding land areas due to thermal inertia of bulk water. However, METEOSAT showed that, in summer, maxima of SST and LST were observed at the same time, 13 LT. This fact is evidence that there was no noticeable vertical water mixing. Our findings allowed us to consider that, in the absence of water mixing and under uniform solar radiation in the summer months, spatial heterogeneity in SST was associated with inhomogeneity in evaporation. Maximal evaporation (causing maximal surface water cooling) took place at the middle part of the Dead Sea, while minimum evaporation took place at the east side of the lake.

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Section: Maps Of Spatial Heterogeneity In Sstsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diurnal Cycle Of Summer Sstmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial Heterogeneity in Dead Sea Surface Temperature Associated with Inhomogeneity in Evaporation

Kishcha

Starobinets

2020

Remote Sensing

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Assessment and monitoring of the Dead Sea surface area and water level using remote sensing and GIS techniques

Farhan,

Mahafdah,

Sathiamurthy

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Situated at Earth's lowest continental point, the Dead Sea experiences a worrying decline in water levels. The primary drivers include the diversion of water from the Jordan River and its tributaries, as well as mineral extraction activities on both sides of the lake. The aim of this study is to analyze the thematic map of 1971 and satellite images of 1984, 1994, 2004, 2014 and 2022 of the Dead Sea to determine the surface area and water level of the Dead Sea and its declining rate. CA-Markov model were employed to generate projected surface area of Dead Sea for periods 2034 and 2050. Time series of observed and future using RPC’s 4.5 and 8.5 of climate data especially temperature were analysis has been implemented to track the climate behavior. Statistical analyses of Kendall correlation matrix were performed on observed and predicted of surface area, water level and temperature. The study shows that the Dead Sea has shrunk by 41.8% during the period from 1971 to 2022, while the water sea level is expected to decrease 12.63 m and 33 m for period 2034 and 2050 respectively. In addition, there were a significant inverse relationship between surface area, water level and temperature with correlation (r=-0.79; p = 0.001) and (r=-0.82; p = 0.001), respectively. It is worth highlighting that from 2022 to 2050, the mean annual temperature is expected to rise by at least 1 ˚C. The long-term strategic vision for stabilizing Dead Sea water levels envisions a two-fold approach: (1) augmenting natural inflow through the introduction of 300–400 million MCM from manufactured sources channeled into the Jordan River, and (2) implementing a reduction in water extraction by Dead Sea industries up to a maximum of 330 million MCM.

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Absence of Surface Water Temperature Trends in Lake Kinneret despite Present Atmospheric Warming: Comparisons with Dead Sea Trends

et al. 2021

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This study was carried out using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 1 km × 1 km resolution records on board Terra and Aqua satellites and in-situ measurements during the period (2003–2019). In spite of the presence of increasing atmospheric warming, in summer when evaporation is maximal, in fresh-water Lake Kinneret, satellite data revealed the absence of surface water temperature (SWT) trends. The absence of SWT trends in the presence of increasing atmospheric warming is an indication of the influence of increasing evaporation on SWT trends. The increasing water cooling, due to the above-mentioned increasing evaporation, compensated for increasing heating of surface water by regional atmospheric warming, resulting in the absence of SWT trends. In contrast to fresh-water Lake Kinneret, in the hypersaline Dead Sea, located ~100 km apart, MODIS records showed an increasing trend of 0.8 °C decade−1 in summer SWT during the same study period. The presence of increasing SWT trends in the presence of increasing atmospheric warming is an indication of the absence of steadily increasing evaporation in the Dead Sea. This is supported by a constant drop in Dead Sea water level at the rate of ~1 m/year from year to year during the last 25-year period (1995–2020). In summer, in contrast to satellite measurements, in-situ measurements of near-surface water temperature in Lake Kinneret showed an increasing trend of 0.7 °C decade−1.

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Spatial Non-Uniformity of Surface Temperature of the Dead Sea and Adjacent Land Areas

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Spatial Heterogeneity in Dead Sea Surface Temperature Associated with Inhomogeneity in Evaporation

Spatial Heterogeneity in Dead Sea Surface Temperature Associated with Inhomogeneity in Evaporation

Assessment and monitoring of the Dead Sea surface area and water level using remote sensing and GIS techniques

Absence of Surface Water Temperature Trends in Lake Kinneret despite Present Atmospheric Warming: Comparisons with Dead Sea Trends

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