“…As discussed below, previous studies have demonstrated that various top-down predatory influences have a major effect on gastropod avoidance and foraging behavior (Corr et al, 1984;Alexander & Covich, 1991a, b;Dalesman et al, 2007Dalesman et al, , 2009aWojdak, 2009), life history (Crowl, 1990;Crowl & Covich, 1990;Crowl & Schnell, 1990), and shell morphology (Vermeij & Covich, 1978;DeWitt, 1998, DeWitt et al, 1999, Krist, 2002, Johnson et al, 2007. All these predator-prey interactions can alter competitive outcomes among different gastropod species.…”