Spatial monitoring of heavy metals in the inland waters of Serbia: a multispecies approach based on commercial fish

Milošković, Aleksandra; Dojčinović, Biljana; Kovačević, Simona; Radojković, Nataša; Radenković, Milena; Milošević, Djuradj; Simić, Vladica

doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6207-2

Cited by 42 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The maximum content of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn exceeded the standard values given by Serbian guidelines. Permanent and accidental pollution from industrial plants and mines that are located in the basins of these rivers, alongside agricultural use of manganese-containing products such as fertilizers and fungicides, were the main cause of pollution in these rivers [32]. Given the existence and position of a Cu mine in Majdanpek close to the source of the Pek River, it is justifiable to assume that the origin of the Cu was associated with this mine [21].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Fractionation and Assessment of Probabilistic Ecological Risk of Potential Toxic Elements in Sediments Using Monte Carlo Simulations

Sakan

Popović

et al. 2019

Molecules

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The need for further research into potentially toxic elements in Serbian rivers led to an investigation of distributions, sources, and ecological risks in a sample base of sediments from 15 rivers. The analyses were carried out through both experimental and theoretical methods. Geochemical fractionation of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, V, and Zn in sediments was studied using a sequential extraction procedure. Both a Håkanson risk index (RI) and a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) were used in order to estimate ecological risk, applying the probability distribution of RI values instead of single-point calculations. In order to both further the development of the used method and include additional processes, software for the simulations was developed instead of using proprietary solutions. Metal fractionation showed high percentage recoveries of Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and V in residual fractions. The high content of Pb, Mn, and Zn in mobile fractions might cause serious environmental concerns. In some localities, Cu and Cd could be problematic elements, since their mobility was high. An environmental assessment based on the described criteria provided risk levels varying from low to median (mainly contributed by Cd and Cu).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Fractionation and Assessment of Probabilistic Ecological Risk of Potential Toxic Elements in Sediments Using Monte Carlo Simulations

Sakan

Popović

et al. 2019

Molecules

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“…Thus, for Cd, a concentration range of 0.002-1.33 μg/L was reported in the Danube River, values of 50 μg/L were measured in the tributary Morava River, Serbia [109], and of 14.90 μg/L in the tributary Yantra River, Bulgaria [111] as a maximum of 11.05 μg/L in the Biosphere Reservation of the Danube Delta [123]. Similarly, Cu reported concentrations varying within a range 2.65-10.1 μg/L, except the maximum value of 112.3 μg/L in the Danube, reported in the Danube in sampling sites corresponding to a large industrial city (Galaţi town) [117].…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Similarly, Cu reported concentrations varying within a range 2.65-10.1 μg/L, except the maximum value of 112.3 μg/L in the Danube, reported in the Danube in sampling sites corresponding to a large industrial city (Galaţi town) [117]. In the tributary Tisa River, a concentration of 70 μg/L was measured [109], as a value of 6.7 μg/L was reported in the Danube Delta [126]. Although lower concentrations of metals in seawater have generally been reported for Cu, a maximum value of 30.66 μg/L was measured by Jitar et al [128].…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the diversity of the species studied, differences in the expression of the results (dry weight or wet weight), or different target analytes led to a difficult comparative analysis of the results. Nevertheless, the studies showed correlations between the heavy metals concentrations in water, sediments and the biota, especially for As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Hg, Co, and Zn, with various bio-concentration factors (BCF) depending on the biota species [109,123,125,128,129].…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging and Persistent Pollutants in the Aquatic Ecosystems of the Lower Danube Basin and North West Black Sea Region—A Review

et al. 2021

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The tremendous impact of natural and anthropogenic organic and inorganic substances continuously released into the environment requires a better understanding of the chemical status of aquatic ecosystems. Water contamination monitoring studies were performed for different classes of substances in different regions of the world. Reliable analytical methods and exposure assessment are the basis of a better management of water resources. Our research comprised publications from 2010 regarding the Lower Danube and North West Black Sea region, considering regulated and unregulated persistent and emerging pollutants. The frequently reported ones were: pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim), pesticides (atrazine, carbendazim, and metolachlor), endocrine disruptors—bisphenol A and estrone, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorinated pesticides, and heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cr). Seasonal variations were reported for both organic and inorganic contaminants. Microbial pollution was also a subject of the present review.

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“…It has now expanded to include trade in copper and copper scrap since 2014, and then all metal items including iron since 2016 [1,2,7].The RCS shifts the responsibility of filing and paying VAT from the seller or vendor, onto the buyer without making changes to the rights of the buyer in reclaiming the VAT paid, such as existing VAT [8]. The RCS makes it a rule that the recipient of goods or services has the obligation of payment of VAT instead of the person supplying the goods or providing the services [6,9]. Under the RCS, the buyer is held responsible for VAT payment, which eliminates existing problems of tax avoidance and delinquency caused by the seller or vendor being the VAT obligor [3,8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of the RCS’s Application in the Value Added Tax Collecting Process on the Perception of SME Taxpayer in Korea’s Trade Activity: Transparency and Fairness in Trade

Yoon

2018

Sustainability

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Value Added Tax (VAT) is the largest source of global tax revenue. However, it faces issues of tax avoidance, such as the black-market and missing trader intra-community fraud. Many studies have postulated that the introduction of the Reverse Charge System (RCS) will contribute to the enhancement of transparency and fairness in trade for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that supply goods or provide services. This study analyzes SME taxpayers' perception of transparency and fairness in trade resulting from the introduction of the RCS into the South Korean VAT system. In B2B transactions that handle gold, copper, and steel scrap, large companies often abuse their bargaining power over smaller firms by not paying VAT with their purchase or reducing the prices to equal VAT, leading to low trade transparency. When it comes to gold, copper and steel scrap trading, the imbalance in bargaining power results in one of the parties being unable to reap maximum benefits because of unfairness. SMEs with relatively weak bargaining power suffer from unfair trading practices such as price cutting and the imposition of VAT by their counterparts. Since the introduction of the RCS, however, SME taxpayers appear to believe that trade fairness has improved. This study's findings reveal that SMEs are more likely to perceive improvement in trade transparency and fairness since the implementation of the RCS, indicating that the RCS has exerted a positive influence on SMEs. This study provides important policy implications for countries that intend to implement the RCS by offering empirical evidence of its benefits. fraud in which VAT is evaded by means of actual transactions without records such as credit card or cash receipts [1,3,5,6]. The VAT collection system is generally divided into two types. First, in Korea, the final VAT has the form of subtracting the input VAT from the output VAT. At this time, the input VAT becomes the seller's output VAT in the immediately preceding transaction step. Second, as with some European countries, the final VAT is the output VAT and later the input VAT is the return from the tax authority. In short, the above two ways to determine the final VAT are the difference between gross or net approach. In the case of the gross approach, additional VAT and refundable VAT exist at the same time, but when the net approach is applied, only one additional or refundable VAT exists. However, in both of the above forms, deductible and return are all possible in the normal state of the supply chain. If any one trader in the trade chain evades tax, deductible or return becomes impossible. Therefore, the cases presented in this study are notions that apply in most countries.Despite numerous revisions of the VAT system in an effort to combat the aforementioned problems, tax avoidance continues to be a prominent and ongoing issue in South Korea. It first introduced the reverse charge system (RCS) for gold trade in 2008. It has now expanded to include trade in copper and copper scrap since 2014, and then all metal it...

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Spatial monitoring of heavy metals in the inland waters of Serbia: a multispecies approach based on commercial fish

Cited by 42 publications

References 42 publications

Geochemical Fractionation and Assessment of Probabilistic Ecological Risk of Potential Toxic Elements in Sediments Using Monte Carlo Simulations

Geochemical Fractionation and Assessment of Probabilistic Ecological Risk of Potential Toxic Elements in Sediments Using Monte Carlo Simulations

Emerging and Persistent Pollutants in the Aquatic Ecosystems of the Lower Danube Basin and North West Black Sea Region—A Review

The Effects of the RCS’s Application in the Value Added Tax Collecting Process on the Perception of SME Taxpayer in Korea’s Trade Activity: Transparency and Fairness in Trade

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