Spatial Mapping of Complex Turfgrass Sites: Site‐Specific Management Units and Protocols

Krum, Joseph M.; Carrow, Robert N.; Karnok, Keith J.

doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.04.0173

Cited by 35 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Mobile platforms to obtain both spatial and temporal soil and plant data rapidly over large areas of turfgrass for routine mapping were not available until 2005 when the first experimental unit was developed; namely the Toro mobile multi-sensor (TMM) unit (The Toro Company, Bloomington, MN; patent pending) (Krum et al 2010). This device, described in more detail later, can determine VWC (%) by TDR, turfgrass performance by NDVI, compaction by penetrometer resistance (kg cm -2 ) and record position with GPS.…”

Section: Multi-sensor Mobile Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Statistical and geostatistical analyses by appropriate methods. Corwin and Lesch (2005b) and Taylor et al (2007) suggested statistical and geostatistical methods to determine SSMUs for agriculture sites, while Krum et al (2010) suggested methods to define SSMUs for turfgrass situations. • Geographical information systems (GIS) database development and graphical display.…”

Section: Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fairway 10 measured 4534 m 2 (0.453 ha) and Fairway 12 covered an area of 5097 m 2 . The underlying material of both fairways comprises [95% sand with 3.5-4.6% organic matter by dry weight in the surface 10 cm (Krum et al 2010). A Field Scout TDR 100 soil moisture sensor (Spectrum Technologies, Inc. Plainfield, IL) was modified for use on the TMM platform and measured VWC at a 0-10 cm depth.…”

Section: Water-use Efficiency and Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2b). Krum et al (2010) discuss the best means to determine SSMU boundaries. For example, the SSMUs in Fig.…”

Section: Delineation Of Ssmus For Irrigation Decision-makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast to PC, the concept of precision turfgrass management (PTM) has only recently been noted as a parallel to PA for precise management of pests, fertilizer, salinity, cultivation and irrigation (Stowell and Gelernter 2006;Carrow et al 2007;Bell and Xiong 2008;Krum et al 2010). Many managers of complex turfgrass sites already practice a degree of precise management for diverse areas, such as golf courses where greens, tees, fairways and roughs all have unique management requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Precision turfgrass management: challenges and field applications for mapping turfgrass soil and stress

et al. 2009

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Spatial and temporal variation of soil, climate, plants and irrigation requirements are challenges for modern agriculture and complex turfgrass sites. Precision agriculture (PA) evolved to improve site-specific management based on obtaining site-specific information. The focus of this concept paper is on the emerging area of precision turfgrass management (PTM) with attention given to: (a) comparing the concepts of PTM and PA in terms of driving forces and challenges that must be addressed for PTM to progress in science and practice and (b) discussion of specific field mapping applications (purposes) for different turfgrass situations such as golf courses, sod production fields and sports fields. The field applications relate to site-specific management of irrigation, salinity, fertilizer application and cultivation. To illustrate the potential for PTM, different approaches that may be necessary for PTM compared to PA are discussed. The initial factor that hindered the adoption of PTM has been the lack of mobile sensor platforms that can determine both key soil and plant properties for turfgrass situations. This paper concentrates on PTM field applications that involve mapping of both soil and plant attributes, in contrast to only optical sensing mapping.

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Section: Multi-sensor Mobile Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water-use Efficiency and Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2b). Krum et al (2010) discuss the best means to determine SSMU boundaries. For example, the SSMUs in Fig.…”

Section: Delineation Of Ssmus For Irrigation Decision-makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Precision turfgrass management: challenges and field applications for mapping turfgrass soil and stress

et al. 2009

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Soil moisture variability on golf course fairways across the United States: An opportunity for water conservation with precision irrigation

Straw

Bolton

Young

et al. 2022

Agrosystems Geosci & Env

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Conventional golf course fairway irrigation relies on visual observation of the turfgrass, followed by secondary considerations of short‐term weather forecasts, which oftentimes lead to ‘blanket’ applications to an entire area. Precision irrigation may achieve water use reductions by irrigating only where, when, and in the amount needed. Technology can further enhance its application; for example, using global navigation satellite system (GNSS)‐equipped soil moisture sensors for creating fairway soil moisture maps to identify variability. However, research regarding soil moisture variability on fairways at golf courses that differ by climatic region and course characteristics is limited. The objective of this case study was to report fairway soil moisture variability findings from nine golf courses in eight states in the United States that completed a soil moisture mapping protocol during 2019–2022. Each course used a handheld GNSS‐equipped soil moisture device to collect georeferenced soil moisture (percentage volumetric water content [VWC]) data from seven to 14 of their fairways. Soil moisture variability was assessed through summary statistics, box and whisker plots, and spatial maps. The mean soil moisture on fairways across courses was 22.4–48.8% VWC, the range was 27.6–43.7% VWC, and the CV was 7.5–39.4%. Box and whisker plots and spatial maps of soil moisture aided in visualizing variability within and between fairways at all courses. Results suggest that golf course fairway soil moisture variability is inevitable regardless of climatic region and course characteristics, which further reiterates the need for advanced irrigation practices and technologies for water conservation via precision irrigation.

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A review of turfgrass sports field variability and its implications on athlete–surface interactions

et al. 2020

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Natural turfgrass sports fields can be highly variable depending on construction, usage, and management. Research involving athlete–surface interactions often fails to thoroughly account for variability by grouping these fields into the single category of “natural turfgrass.” This can obscure results and make it difficult to identify specific field characteristics that most strongly influence athletes, making it almost impossible to implement strategies for improvement. The purpose of this literature review was to highlight the between‐ and within‐field variations of turfgrass sports fields and their influence on athlete–surface interactions. The components of turfgrass sports fields and common methods used to objectively quantify surface characteristics in situ are discussed. Then, current literature is reviewed that involves several athlete–surface interactions under a variety of turfgrass sports field scenarios. It was found that turfgrass surface characteristics generally influence athlete biomechanics, performance and physiology, perceptions, and injury occurrence. To better interpret and compare findings, it is recommended that future studies fully describe field characteristics and management practices. Consistency with field and athlete data collection methods, analysis, and reporting are also important. Athlete–surface interaction research incorporating new technologies; addressing athlete performance, physiology, and psychological aspects; and investigating athletes other than professionals is also needed. These recommendations are more likely to happen with increased collaboration between turfgrass scientists, sports turf managers, sports scientists, and sports medicine clinicians. Ultimately, the goal would be to develop evidence‐based guidelines for turfgrass sports field management that improve the overall athlete experience under an assortment of turfgrass sports field scenarios.

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Spatial Mapping of Complex Turfgrass Sites: Site‐Specific Management Units and Protocols

Cited by 35 publications

References 31 publications

Precision turfgrass management: challenges and field applications for mapping turfgrass soil and stress

Precision turfgrass management: challenges and field applications for mapping turfgrass soil and stress

Soil moisture variability on golf course fairways across the United States: An opportunity for water conservation with precision irrigation

A review of turfgrass sports field variability and its implications on athlete–surface interactions

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