Spatial knowledge acquisition from direct experience in the environment: Individual differences in the development of metric knowledge and the integration of separately learned places☆

Integration of spatial information across vision and language

“…Overall, findings from these studies indicate that, in most cases, locations that have been encoded with temporal and/or spatial separation are maintained in distinct spatial representations in memory (e.g., Giudice et al, 2009;Ishikawa & Montello, 2006;Montello & Pick, 1993). This may be the case because spatial information experienced much later or is regarded as not being part of the same environment might not be deemed relevant to the task; therefore, people may choose to store it in a separate representation.…”

“…Therefore, they might have chosen to integrate the two routes in a single spatial representation during learning because they had predicted that it would facilitate their performance. In the study by Ishikawa and Montello (2006), participants experienced the two routes at different times. Therefore, they might have not consider it necessary to integrate the two routes in a single representation prior to retrieval and therefore maintained separate representations until the task required coordinating spatial information across representations.…”

“…For example, in a study by Ishikawa and Montello (2006) participants were guided along two routes in a real environment for ten times each. After completing the first three sessions, participants experienced a connecting route between the two routes.…”

Geo-EEG: Towards the Use of EEG in the Study of Urban Behaviour

“…According to Wiener et al's (2009) taxonomy this is as a path following paradigm and is appropriate when exposure to the same environment is needed, and allows data analysis in a between-subjects design, as all participants go through the same environments. For example, studies have examined how spatial learning occurs (Ishikawa and Montello 2006), compared how learning differs depending on input from the senses (Waller and Greenauer 2007), or the psychological outcomes of different urban environments (Roe and Aspinall 2011;Aspinall et al 2013).…”

Assessing the Impact of Automatic vs. Controlled Rotations on Spatial Transfer with a Joystick and a Walking Interface in VR

“…At this final level of knowledge, the representation is similar to a "plane view" and is also known as "survey-type" knowledge: the mental representation of the environment is complete and allocentric (i.e., an external point serves as a reference). These three acquisition stages need not follow a strict order but may be obtained in a parallel process [29]. Concerning the sensorimotor component, body-based information required during a navigational activity can be divided in three types of information [14]: 1) the optic flow, consisting of all visual input used to detect forms, textures, semantic landmarks, movements of objects, etc.…”