Spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of mosquito population density and community structure in Hainan Island, China

Abstract

Background Mosquitoes are vectors of many tropical diseases. Understanding the ecology of local mosquito vectors, such as species composition, distributions, population dynamics, and species diversity is important for designing the optimal strategy to control the mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Entomological surveillance of adult mosquitoes was conducted in five sites representing different ecological settings across Hainan Island from January to December of 2018 using BG Sentinel (BGS) traps and Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) light traps. In each site, we selected three areas representing urban, suburban and rural settings. Eighteen trap-days were sampled in each setting at each site, and CDC light traps and BGS traps were setup simultaneously. Mosquito species composition, distribution, population dynamics, and species diversity were analyzed. Mosquito densities were compared between different study sites and between different settings. Results Nine species of mosquitoes belonging to four genera were identified. Culex quinquefasciatus (80.8%), Armigeres subalbatus (13.0%) and Anopheles sinensis (3.1%) were the top three species collected by CDC light traps; Cx. quinquefasciatus (91.9%), Ae. albopictus (5.1%), and Ar. subalbatus (2.8%) were the top three species collected by BGS traps. Predominant species varied among study sites. The population dynamics of Ae. albopictus , An. sinensis and Cx. quinquefasciatus showed clear seasonal variation regardless of study sites with a varied peak season for different species. Mosquito abundance of all species showed significant differences among different study sites and among urban, suburban and rural areas. Danzhou had the highest mosquito biodiversity, with an α, β, and Gini-Simpson biodiversity index of 8, 1.13 and 0.42, respectively. BGS traps captured Aedes mosquito at a higher efficiency than CDC light traps, whereas CDC light traps captured significantly more Anopheles and Armigeres mosquitoes than BGS traps. Conclusions Mosquitoes were abundant on Hainan Island with clear seasonality and spatial heterogeneity. Population density, species composition, distribution, and species diversity were strongly affected by the natural environment. Different tools are required for the surveillance of different mosquito species.

Spatio-temporal evolution and trend prediction of the incidence of Class B notifiable infectious diseases in China: a sample of statistical data from 2007 to 2020

“…This indicates that we have achieved notable results in the prevention and control of infectious diseases in China, which is consistent with the results of previous studies [43]. According to the research analysis, the fact that the four provinces have not seen a decline in the incidence of Class B notifiable infectious diseases may be mainly related to their special geographical location and climatic conditions [44][45][46][47][48][49]. In spite of a certain economic boost in Tibet, a border region in the southwest, the increasing trade flows results in the bigger size of the mobile population, which leads to the problem of new and traditional infectious diseases and their increasingly prominent crossborder transmission.…”

Association of virome dynamics with mosquito species and environmental factors

“…Because local habitat and geography are variable in different natural environments, the comparison of viromes among different geographic regions can uncover environmental contributions to virome composition. Hainan Island, a tropical island that is located in the northern South China Sea, has a remarkable diversity of animals and plants [ 17 ]. Tropical islands are hotspots for the emergence of mosquito-borne viruses due to sylvatic spillover events resulting from increases in commerce, travel, and urbanization [ 18 ].…”

“…Tropical islands are hotspots for the emergence of mosquito-borne viruses due to sylvatic spillover events resulting from increases in commerce, travel, and urbanization [ 18 ]. In fact, mosquito-borne infectious diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis, were historically prevalent in Hainan Island [ 17 , 19 ]. Therefore, virome characterization and surveillance of mosquitoes in Hainan Island could provide important cues for the prevention of pathogen transmission and early warning programs for preexisting arboviruses.…”

Rapid Appraisals of the Transformation Strategy Required to Sustain Dengue Vector Control During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

“… 9 Vector monitoring is a vital part of vector surveillance which becomes evidence-based for determining the distribution, density, and larval habitats. 10 , 11 In Indonesia, vector surveillance is conducted through the Jumantik program, a squad monitoring the existence of larvae by entering the house in the society. 9 , 12 Jumantik cadre collects and reports the data in the field periodically to the village, which is forwarded to the health center to calculate the larva indices, including house index, breteau index, and container index, which are considerations in making vector control policies.…”