Spatial Genetic Structure and Demographic History of the Wild Boar in the Qinling Mountains, China

Abstract

Species dispersal patterns and population genetic structure can be influenced by geographical features. Qinling Mountains (QM) provide an excellent area for phylogeographic study. The phylogeography of Asian-wide wild boars revealed the colonization route. However, the impact of the QM on genetic diversity, genetic structure and population origin is still poorly understood. In this study, genetic analysis of wild boar in the QM was conducted based on the mitochondrial control region (943 bp) and twelve microsatellite loci of 82 individuals in 16 sampling locations. Overall genetic haplotype diversity was 0.86, and the nucleotide diversity was 0.0079. A total of 17 new haplotypes were detected. The level of genetic diversity of wild boars in QM was lower than in East Asia, but higher than in Europe. Phylogenetic analysis showed the weak genetic divergence in QM. Mismatch analysis, neutrality tests, and Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) results revealed that the estimates of effective population size were under demographic equilibrium in the past. Spatial analysis of molecular variance indicated no obvious phylogeographic structure.

The phylogeographical pattern of the Amur minnow Rhynchocypris lagowskii (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in the Qinling Mountains

“…The neutrality test, except lineage E, showed population stability in this region with other amphibian, fish, and mammal species (Hu et al, 2021; Meng et al, 2014; Yu et al, 2014). However, the mismatch distribution, except lineage E, did not reject the hypothesis of sudden expansion.…”

Population genomics reveal deep divergence and strong geographical structure in gentians in the Hengduan Mountains

“…The G. hexaphylla complex is distributed across two biogeographically disjunct regions, namely the HM and the QM. The QM provides a natural boundary between northern and southern China, and served as a geographical and ecological barrier for species with low dispersal ability ( Yan et al, 2010 ; Hu et al, 2021 ). Its isolation also promoted the divergence of some relict species ( Shahzad et al, 2020 ).…”

Effects of spatial fragmentation on the elevational distribution of bird diversity in a mountain adjacent to urban areas

“…Mountain ecosystems support more than 85% of all terrestrial biodiversity including plants, animals, and macromycetes, and approximately half of the global biodiversity hotspots with 13%–25% of all inland area (Peters et al, 2019; Quintero & Jetz, 2018; Spehn et al, 2011; Steinbauer et al, 2018). Over evolutionary time, mountain systems are considered as many of the world's centers and potential refugia of endangered species today, playing a vital role in maintain the high global or regional biodiversity (Antonelli et al, 2018; Hu et al, 2021; Rahbek, Borregaard, Antonelli, et al, 2019a). For example, the European Alps and Qinling Mountains are generally considered to harbor many threatened and endangered animals (Hu et al, 2021; Rahbek, Borregaard, Colwell, et al, 2019b).…”

“…Over evolutionary time, mountain systems are considered as many of the world's centers and potential refugia of endangered species today, playing a vital role in maintain the high global or regional biodiversity (Antonelli et al, 2018; Hu et al, 2021; Rahbek, Borregaard, Antonelli, et al, 2019a). For example, the European Alps and Qinling Mountains are generally considered to harbor many threatened and endangered animals (Hu et al, 2021; Rahbek, Borregaard, Colwell, et al, 2019b). However, with the rapid development of urbanization and increasing land‐use intensity, loss of biodiversity continues at unprecedented rates in human history, especially in tropical mountains (Butchart et al, 2010; Colwell et al, 2004; Peters et al, 2019; Xu et al, 2021).…”

“…. Over evolutionary time, mountain systems are considered as many of the world's centers and potential refugia of endangered species today, playing a vital role in maintain the high global or regional biodiversity (Antonelli et al, 2018;Hu et al, 2021;Rahbek, Borregaard, Antonelli, et al, 2019a). For example, the European Alps and Qinling Mountains are generally considered to harbor many threatened and endangered animals (Hu et al, 2021;Rahbek, Borregaard, Colwell, et al, 2019b).…”