Spatial evaluation of groundwater quality using factor analysis and geostatistical Kriging algorithm: a case study of Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Thomas, Emmanuel Oluwafemi

doi:10.2166/wpt.2023.023

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This observation showed that these parameters are higher down the river flow. A similar observation in parameter variations was made by Thomas [74] in the spatial evaluation of groundwater quality using factor analysis and geostatistical Kriging algorithm: a case study of Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria.…”

Section: Statistical Analysis and Spatial Distribution Map Of The Wat...supporting

confidence: 69%

Characterization of the Hydrochemistry, Scaling and Corrosivity Tendencies, and Irrigation Suitability of the Water of the Rivers Karawa and Iyiaji

Alum,

Abugu,

Onwujiogu

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Assessing water quality is necessary to ascertain its viability for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. A total of 48 water samples were, respectively, drawn from the Rivers Karawa and Iyiaji located in Ezeagu and Uzo-uwani which are typical rural areas in Enugu State, Nigeria. These samples were taken in two seasons (early rainy season and late dry season). Physicochemical properties were determined using standard methods. The scaling and corrosivity potentials of the water were evaluated using the Larson-Skold index, aggressive index, Puckorius scaling index, and Ryznar stability index models. Additionally, seven irrigation evaluation criteria, as well as spatial distribution maps, were used to determine the suitability of the river waters for irrigation purposes and to interpolate the spatial distribution of the river water quality parameters. Major ion chemistry was used in the assessments. The physicochemical properties of river waters fell within the recommended standard values. However, NO3- greatly exceeded the recommended range in both rivers. The cations and anions from River Karawa were Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Na+ and NO3− > Cl− > SO42− > HCO3− > CO3− > PO4−, while those from River Iyiaji were Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and Cl− > SO42− >NO3− > PO4− > HCO3− > CO3−. A piper plot showed the predominance of Ca2+ and Mg+, as well as SO42− and Cl−, in both rivers. The seven irrigation assessment indices indicated that the water of the Rivers Karawa and Iyiaji is suitable for irrigation purposes. In addition, the scaling and corrosivity models predicted that the river waters have high scaling and corrosivity potentials. Specifically, while the aggressive index suggested that it is severely corrosive, the Langelier saturation index suggested that the water from both rivers is supersaturated and, thus, has potential to scale.

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Section: Statistical Analysis and Spatial Distribution Map Of The Wat...supporting

confidence: 69%

Characterization of the Hydrochemistry, Scaling and Corrosivity Tendencies, and Irrigation Suitability of the Water of the Rivers Karawa and Iyiaji

Alum,

Abugu,

Onwujiogu

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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“…The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical test was used to evaluate significant differences among samples, sampling period, and location 59,60 . This test enables the comparison of more than two independent samples, whether they have the same or different sample sizes, and mathematically, it is expressed as 59,61 : where N corresponds to the total number of observations across all groups, g is the number of groups, n i is the number of observations in group i , r ij represents the rank of observation j from group i ,…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of groundwater quality for human consumption and its health risks in the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia

Lora-Ariza,

Piña,

Donado

2024

Sci Rep

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Groundwater is the primary source of water for people living in rural areas, especially during seasons when surface water is contaminated or unavailable. In Colombia, people use groundwater as drinking water without additional treatment. In addition, there is no infrastructure for wastewater collection and sewage treatment in the region of the Middle Magdalena Valley. The current study aims to evaluate the quality of groundwater in this region to determine any potential health hazards associated with its consumption. To reach the objective, three (3) physicochemical and microbiological sampling campaigns were carried out during different hydrological periods. A total of 428 groundwater samples were analyzed for over 28 parameters. The results were compared with the water quality standards proposed by the US EPA and Colombian regulations for human consumption. The analysis revealed the presence of total and fecal coliforms in 89% and 58% of the analyzed samples, respectively, identifying them as the main contaminants in groundwater. Furthermore, the pH levels did not meet the standards set by the US EPA in 33.8% of the cases and by Colombian regulations in 31.02%. Additionally, 32.8%, 17.6%, 14.3%, and 10.9% of the samples failed to meet the established thresholds for apparent color, magnesium, iron, and nitrates, respectively, under both standards. Moreover, only the analyses of selenium, mercury, and zinc complied with the quality standards under both regulatory frameworks. Based on the Colombian Drinking-Water Quality Risk Index (CDWQRI-IRCA), the risk associated with water quality meant for human consumption was assessed. The results showed that over 84% of the samples analyzed posed a high risk to human health, 4.6% posed a medium risk, 5.5% posed a low risk, and only 5.7% posed no risk at all. Additionally, official mortality statistics for children under four years old were reviewed, which revealed two deaths in 2019 due to Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) caused by consumption of contaminated water. Therefore, it is crucial to implement water treatment systems, establish aqueducts in rural areas, and conduct rigorous and systematic monitoring of drinking water to ensure it is safe for human consumption. It is also important to track morbidity and mortality rates associated with water consumption.

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“…Based on the spatial distribution of sampling locations and the corresponding average nitrate concentrations during the observed period, 2D models of the spatial distribution of nitrate concentration were created using several interpolation methods: (1) kriging, (2) minimum curvature, (3) polynomial regression, (4) radial basis function, ( 5) inverse distance to a power, ( 6) nearest neighbor, and (7) moving average. Since the kriging method is very commonly used for such purposes [61][62][63][64][65], an additional experimental variogram was constructed for this interpolation method, in which the following theoretical variograms were fitted: (a) linear, (b) linear with nugget, (c) power, (d) power with nugget, (e) logarithmic, (f) logarithmic with nugget, (g) gaussian, and (h) exponential (Figure 5). Hence, 14 different models were created.…”

Section: Nitrate Field Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Distance between the Measured and Assumed Location of a Point Source of Pollution in Groundwater as a Function of the Variance of the Estimation Error

Kovač,

Šrajbek,

Klišanin

et al. 2023

Hydrology

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The localization of pollution sources is one of the main tasks in environmental engineering. For this paper, models of spatial distribution of nitrate concentration in groundwater were created, and the point of highest concentration was determined. This point represents the assumed location of the pollution source and differs from the actual location, so there is a certain distance between the measured and assumed location. This paper puts forward a new hypothesis that the distance between the measured and the assumed location is a function of the variance of the estimation error. The scientific contribution of this paper is based on the fact that the interaction of statistical and geostatistical methods can locate the dominant point source of pollution or narrow down the search area. The above hypothesis is confirmed by the example of the Varaždin wellfield, which was closed due to an excessively high groundwater nitrate concentration. Seven different interpolation methods were used to create spatial distribution models. Each method provides a different model, a different variance of the estimation error, and estimates of the location of the pollution source. The smallest value of variance of the estimation error of 1.65 was obtained for the minimum curvature interpolation method and the largest value of variance (24.49) was obtained for the kriging with logarithmic variogram. Our results show a nonlinear and monotonic relationship between the distance and the variance of the estimation error, so logarithmic and rational quadratic models were fitted to the scatter point data. The models were linearized, a t-test was performed, and the results show that the models can be considered reliable, which is confirmed by the values of the coefficients of determination of the linearized models, which are around 0.50. The obtained results can be used in planning additional research work to determine the measured location of the pollution source. The research methodology we used is universal and can be applied to other locations where high concentrations of certain contaminants have been detected in groundwater in alluvial aquifers.

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Spatial evaluation of groundwater quality using factor analysis and geostatistical Kriging algorithm: a case study of Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Characterization of the Hydrochemistry, Scaling and Corrosivity Tendencies, and Irrigation Suitability of the Water of the Rivers Karawa and Iyiaji

Characterization of the Hydrochemistry, Scaling and Corrosivity Tendencies, and Irrigation Suitability of the Water of the Rivers Karawa and Iyiaji

Assessment of groundwater quality for human consumption and its health risks in the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia

Analysis of the Distance between the Measured and Assumed Location of a Point Source of Pollution in Groundwater as a Function of the Variance of the Estimation Error

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