Spatial effect of industrial policy on regional energy efficiency in China

The Chinese Communist Party: A 100-Year Trajectory

“…During the reform period, food security policies, which aim at largely maintaining China's self-sufficiency in food and, in particular, grain, often contradicted the Party's long-term goal of agricultural modernisation. For example, in the late 1990s, a time at which the urban economy was undergoing a painful transformation of state-owned enterprises encompassing massive layoffs, the rural economy was administratively made to compensate by producing cheap grain through the provincial governors' gain responsibility system (Hou and Liu 2010;Keidel 2007). In other words, at the time, food security impeded the shift to a profitable modern agrarian system.…”