Spatial distribution of stable isotopes in surface water on the upper Indus River basin (UIRB): Implications for moisture source and paleoelevation reconstruction

Surface Water Isoscape Modeling in the Himalayan Region: An Alternative for Moisture Source Investigation, Hydrograph Separation, and Paleolatitude Estimation

“…The higher d‐excess values to the west and lower d‐excess values in the east of the IRB suggest that the fraction of moisture increases from east to west (Bershaw et al., 2012). The westerlies contribute 75% of moisture sources in the IRB (Bhat et al., 2022), whereas 70% of ISM is contributed to the IRB and BRB (Bookhagen & Burbank, 2006). These moisture sources are vital of the economic development in the Himalayan region and play a significant part in the water budget (Immerzeel et al., 2020).…”

“…A portable hand‐held, multi‐parameter kit (HANA USA) that was calibrated before field sampling was used to measure the temperature, pH, EC, TDS, and ORP of the samples. In addition, we compiled a comprehensive δ 18 O, δ 2 H and d‐excess data set across the three HRB published in articles and/or online data repositories (Table S1 in Supporting Information ) during past decades (Ali et al., 2020; Bhat et al., 2022; Bhattacharya et al., 1985; Bershaw et al., 2012; Boral et al., 2019; Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022; Gajurel et al., 2006; Garzione et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2020; Hren et al., 2009; Karim & Veizer, 2002; B. Kumar et al., 2010; A. Kumar et al., 2018, 2019; N. Kumar et al., 2020; Lambs 2000; Lambs et al., 2005; Majumder et al., 2013; Maurya et al., 2011; Navada & Rao 1991; V. N. Nijampurkar & Rao 1992; V. Nijampurkar et al., 2002; Pande et al., 2000; Pant et al., 2021; Quade et al., 2011; Racoviteanu et al., 2013; Rai et al., 2009, 2016; Ramesh & Sarin 1992; Ren et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2017; Yoshimura et al., 2021) to attain the best practicable regional broad spatial resolution that could be interpolated and modeled with reliability.…”

“…The Indo-Gangetic Plains exhibit negative d-excess values, suggesting that surface water contains a considerable fraction of evaporated water. The negative values at higher elevations in basins indicate drainage from lakes due to the prevalence of open-water evaporation driven by fractionation of surface waters (Bhat et al, 2022;Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022).…”

“…A portable hand-held, multi-parameter kit (HANA USA) that was calibrated before field sampling was used to measure the temperature, pH, EC, TDS, and ORP of the samples. In addition, we compiled a comprehensive δ 18 O, δ 2 H and d-excess data set across the three HRB published in articles and/or online data repositories (Table S1 in Supporting Information S1) during past decades (Ali et al, 2020;Bhat et al, 2022;Bhattacharya et al, 1985;Bershaw et al, 2012;Boral et al, 2019; (Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra). The data points (1,125) show the location and their size representing the percentage of meltwater contribution.…”

Isotopic Assessment of Groundwater Salinity: A Case Study of the Southwest (SW) Region of Punjab, India

“…Besides, researchers of different works of life reported the application of environmental isotopes to identify the source of groundwater recharge and estimations of quality, quantity, dating, and their interconnections; seepage from tunnels, reservoirs, canals, etc. ; contributions of snow-ice melt in glacier discharges; and nutrients, dynamics, and sedimentation in freshwater bodies (e.g., lakes, reservoirs) [23][24][25][26]. The relationship between δ 18 O and δD in freshwaters, i.e., δD = 8 × δ 18 O + 10 [27], and their function is called "d-excess" and is represented by d-excess = δD − 8 × δ 18 O.…”