Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the middle nile delta of Egypt

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in the El-Gharbia Governorate (District) of Egypt was identified by using remote sensing, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry as the main research tools. Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Landsat 8 and contour map images were used to map the landforms. Different physiographic units in the study area are represented by nine soil profiles. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) was used for geochemical analysis of 33 soil samples. Vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were measured and they all exceeded the average global concentrations identified by Wedepohl (1995). Ni and Cr concentrations exceeded recommended values in all soil profile horizons (Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines, 2007), while Cu had a variable distribution. Zn concentrations are under recommended concentration limits in most soil samples. Contamination Factor, Pollution Load Index and Degree of Contamination indices were used to assess the environmental risks of heavy metal contamination from the soils. All analysed metals pose some potential hazard and pollution levels were particularly high near industrial and urban areas

Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quality in Roundhill Landfill Vicinity of South Africa

“…In the method, values near the prediction location influenced interpolated values more than those far away; hence, more weight was assigned to the former and weight decrease was directly proportional to distance. 21 Geostatistical relationships of known borehole points used Arc-GIS 10.3 software to interpolate physicochemical parameters of groundwater in the study area and represent their distribution in maps.…”

“…High Pt-Co units physically indicate pollution. 21,22 Turbidity levels ranged from 0 to 373 NTU and the highest levels were recorded in borehole 1 (BH 1; Figure 3B). Most parts of the study area had NTU levels >1, which was beyond SANS permissible limits and the results corresponded to unsightly appearance of groundwater, which could be due to the presence of suspended solids such as sediments, algae, coloured inorganic, and organic matter in the boreholes.…”

Assessment of heavy metal release into the soil after mine clearing in Halgurd-Sakran National Park, Kurdistan, Iraq

“…Understanding the spatial distribution of land cover types is necessary to assess the effects of heavy metals in soil and identify areas of contamination (Shokr et al 2016). The interpolation using inverse distance weight (IDW), which is based on the hypothesis that expectations are a linear combination of available data (Xie et al 2011), can assist the mapping of heavy metal distributions (Shokr et al 2016).…”

“…The interpolation using inverse distance weight (IDW), which is based on the hypothesis that expectations are a linear combination of available data (Xie et al 2011), can assist the mapping of heavy metal distributions (Shokr et al 2016). …”

Evaluation of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Surface Water Quality in the Nile River Damietta Branch

“…Finally, the sixth PC factor which explained only 7.76 % was correlated with Cu and Ni and represented soil leaching process and the runoff from extensively farmed areas. According to Shokr et al [40], the concentrations of Cu and Ni in the Nile Delta soil exceeded recommended values (63 and 50 mg•kg -1 respectively) proposed by Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines [41] for agricultural and residential purposes. Flooded rice soils in the Nile Delta increase the mobility of water-soluble heavy metals [42] and thus recycling it back into the Nile river.…”