Spatial distribution of health facilities in Islamabad, Pakistan

Ma, Shaikh

doi:10.26719/2013.19.supp3.s213

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…To address inequities in the distribution of health clinics in the country, the Ministry of Health, as the guardian of public health in the country, can guide the policy makers to invest government funding or provide incentives for the private sector to develop more health facilities in these identified areas, based on the spatial patterns of health clinics using GIS and spatial statistical tools as shown in this study [12]. In the urban areas, however, land for development of health facilities is scarce and expensive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial patterns of health clinic in Malaysia

Hazrin¹,

Fadhli²,

Tahir³

et al. 2013

Health

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Background: This manuscript aimed to map the spatial distributions of health clinics for public and private sectors in Malaysia. It would assist the stakeholders and responsible authorities in the planning for health service delivery. Methods: Data related to health clinic were gathered from stakeholders. The location of health facilities was geo-coded using a Global Positioning System (GPS) handheld. The average nearest neighbour was used to identify whether health clinics were spatially clustered or dispersed. Hot spot analysis was used to assess high density of health clinics to population ratio and average distance of health clinics distribution. A Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) was used to analyse the requirement of health clinic in a sub-district based on population density and number of health clinics with significant level (p < 0.001). Results: The results of the average nearest neighbour analysis revealed that the distribution of public health clinics was dispersed (p < 0.001) with z-scores 3.95 while the distribution of private clinics was clustered (p < 0.001) with z-score −29.26. Several locations especially urban area was also identified as high density in the sub-district. Conclusions: There is a significant difference in the spatial pattern of public health clinics and private clinics in Malaysia. The information can assist stakeholder and responsible authorities in planning health service delivery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial patterns of health clinic in Malaysia

Hazrin¹,

Fadhli²,

Tahir³

et al. 2013

Health

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“…The Federal Ministry of Health (MoH) was dissolved, and the overall responsibility for health services policy direction and planning was devolved to the provinces [ 14 ]. Inefficiencies and stalled health system’s performance was observed at nearly all of the operational levels for some time after the devolution of 2011 [ 15 ]. A lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities of federal and provincial tiers of the government resulted in a vacuum in governance and weak stewardship at decision-making levels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health system barriers and levers in implementation of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Pakistan: an evidence informed situation analysis

Shaikh

Haq²,

Tran

et al. 2018

Public Health Rev

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BackgroundIn Pakistan, immunization coverage has been quite low since the program’s inception, and the 2012–2013 population-based survey recorded it at 54%. Much has been written about the issues, challenges, and constraints in the implementation of Pakistan’s immunization program. However, there is a need to better understand the health system barriers as well as levers that influence progress. This review aims to bridge the information gaps on system-level barriers that currently impede the optimal delivery and uptake of immunization services to the children of Pakistan through the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature review, using PubMed and Google Scholar to find peer-reviewed literature, and also reviewed EPI-related international and national reports. Additionally, we consulted government reports, surveys, and publications on the health system. Employing the basic tenets of WHO’s health systems framework for health system strengthening, and a socio-ecological model, this study cataloged the service delivery and the demand side perspective on various pillars of Pakistan’s immunization program.ResultsThemes generated from the literature review included financing, governance, service delivery, human resources, information systems, and supplies and vaccines. Findings suggest that certain areas in the larger health system need to be improved for a more coordinated implementation of EPI in Pakistan. Moreover, it is imperative to understand community behaviors and perceptions as well as demand side issues in order to achieve the desired results.ConclusionFor better immunization coverage and ultimately a reduction in child mortality due to preventable diseases, EPI operations and performance must be improved. Further systematic implementation research could help to develop an even finer understanding of the system-wide bottlenecks encumbering the coverage and efficiency of the program.

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“…Spatial accessibility is quantified by straight line and network-based distances, among other methods (5). There is only one study on spatial accessibility to tertiary care, teaching, public sector, general hospitals in Pakistan, using geographic information systems (GIS) and network analysis in Karachi (7), while another study from Islamabad looked at all health facilities and clinics in terms of their proximity to road network (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution and accessibility to public sector tertiary care teaching hospitals: case study from Pakistan

Malik

Shaikh²

2019

East Mediterr Health J

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Background: Public sector provision of health care services is important for addressing health morbidity and mortality burden for population health in developing countries like Pakistan. Physical accessibility and spatial distribution of healthcare facilities affect their utilization for improving population health. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of five public sector, tertiary care, teaching, general hospitals in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: The point locations of all five hospitals were obtained from Google Earth. While the vector road network file was downloaded from the OpenStreetMap website. GIS software ArcGIS 10.5 and the Network Analyst extension were used for processing, analysis and mapping. The Lahore city shapefiles and the hospital point locations were projected to ensure correct spatial distance analysis. Results: The five hospitals are located in the northeastern and east-central parts of Lahore. Most of the Lahore "towns" (administrative subdivisions) are either partially or completely covered by the 12-kilometre buffer as well as the 12-kilometre service area around these five selected hospitals. However, either the 12-kilometre buffer or service area did not cover large swaths of Wagha, Nishtar, and Iqbal towns. Conclusions: Availability of geographic and attribute data on road network and population characteristics would facilitate planning for allocating locations for new health care facilities based on utilitarian principles.

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Spatial distribution of health facilities in Islamabad, Pakistan

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Spatial patterns of health clinic in Malaysia

Spatial patterns of health clinic in Malaysia

Health system barriers and levers in implementation of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Pakistan: an evidence informed situation analysis

Spatial distribution and accessibility to public sector tertiary care teaching hospitals: case study from Pakistan

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