Spatial distribution of ciguateric fish in the Republic of Kiribati

Chan, Wing Man; Mak, Yim Ling; Wu, Jiajun; Liu, Jin; Sit, Wai Hung; Lam, James C.W.; Mitcheson, Yvonne Sadovy de; Chan, Leo Lai; Lam, Paul K.S.; Murphy, Margaret B.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.036

Cited by 63 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Carnivores (particularly groupers and moral eels) were more toxic than omnivores and herbivores; fishes from Marakei were more toxic than fishes from Tarawa. 30 Two wild-caught E. fuscoguttatus contained P-CTX-1 1.35-1.40 μg/kg flesh (0.80-0.87 μg/kg by a conventional method). 31 In two E. fuscoguttatus from Marakei, total P-CTX in flesh was 0.13-3.1 μg/kg (P-CTX-1 ∼54%).…”

Section: Ciguatera Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ciguatoxic Potential of Brown-Marbled Grouper in Relation to Fish Size and Geographical Origin

Chan

2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To determine the ciguatoxic potential of brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in relation to fish size and geographical origin, this review systematically analyzed: 1) reports of large ciguatera outbreaks and outbreaks with description of the fish size; 2) Pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX) profiles and levels and mouse bioassay results in fish samples from ciguatera incidents; 3) P-CTX profiles and levels and risk of toxicity in relation to fish size and origin; 4) regulatory measures restricting fish trade and fish size preference of the consumers. P-CTX levels in flesh and size dependency of toxicity indicate that the risk of ciguatera after eating E. fuscoguttatus varies with its geographical origin. For a large-sized grouper, it is necessary to establish legal size limits and control measures to protect public health and prevent overfishing. More risk assessment studies are required for E. fuscoguttatus to determine the size threshold above which the risk of ciguatera significantly increases.

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Section: Ciguatera Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Kiribati, the higher P-CTX levels in five out of the seven wild-caught E. fuscoguttatus should be noted: two with P-CTX-1 equivalent 2-3 μg/kg, 30 two with P-CTX-1 1.35-1.40 μg/kg, 31 and one (8.2 kg) with total P-CTX 3.1 μg/kg fish flesh (P-CTX-1 ∼54%).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ciguatoxic Potential of Brown-Marbled Grouper in Relation to Fish Size and Geographical Origin

Chan

2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…31 It should be remembered that the toxicity in flesh and liver (up to 15-fold more toxic than flesh) of the Gymnothorax species shows a strong positive relationship with the eel size. 55 In Kiribati, the P-CTX-1 equivalent toxicity in liver of a 14-kg moray eel was 539 μg/kg, 50,000 times higher than the safety level of 0.01 μg/kg. 55 Because moray eels can accumulate such high CTX levels, the public must be warned that ingestion of an average portion of the flesh (and particularly the liver) can be lethal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…55 In Kiribati, the P-CTX-1 equivalent toxicity in liver of a 14-kg moray eel was 539 μg/kg, 50,000 times higher than the safety level of 0.01 μg/kg. 55 Because moray eels can accumulate such high CTX levels, the public must be warned that ingestion of an average portion of the flesh (and particularly the liver) can be lethal. 31,55 The public should be repeatedly reminded to avoid eating the CTX-rich parts (viscera and head) of reef fish since the amounts of CTX exposures and the risk of severe ciguatera will be much higher.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…55 Because moray eels can accumulate such high CTX levels, the public must be warned that ingestion of an average portion of the flesh (and particularly the liver) can be lethal. 31,55 The public should be repeatedly reminded to avoid eating the CTX-rich parts (viscera and head) of reef fish since the amounts of CTX exposures and the risk of severe ciguatera will be much higher. 54 Many fatal cases in the past were related to ingestion of reef fish viscera (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristic Features and Contributory Factors in Fatal Ciguatera Fish Poisoning—Implications for Prevention and Public Education

Chan

2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In this review, the main objective was to describe the characteristic features of fatal ciguatera fish poisoning and identify contributory factors, with a view to promote prevention and public education. Ciguatera-related deaths, although rare, have been reported from the Pacific, Caribbean, and Indian Ocean regions. The clinical features were generally dominated by convulsions and coma, with various focal neurological signs. Several contributory factors could be identified, including consumption of ciguatoxin (CTX)-rich fish parts (viscera and head) in larger amounts, the most ciguatoxic fish species (e.g., Gymnothorax flavimarginatus) and reef fish collected after storms and individuals' susceptibility. Mass ciguatera fish poisoning with mortalities also occurred when G. flavimarginatus and other ciguatoxic fish species were shared in gatherings and parties. The characteristic features of fatal ciguatera fish poisoning must be recognized early. The public should be repeatedly reminded to avoid eating the most ciguatoxic fish species and the CTX-rich parts of reef fish. To prevent mass poisoning in gatherings and parties, the most ciguatoxic fish species and potentially toxic fish species must be avoided. Particularly after hits by disastrous storms, it is important to monitor the toxicity of reef fish and the incidence rates of ciguatera.

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Small Island Developing States

2017

Climate Change Adaptation in Small Island Developing States

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Spatial distribution of ciguateric fish in the Republic of Kiribati

Cited by 63 publications

References 21 publications

Ciguatoxic Potential of Brown-Marbled Grouper in Relation to Fish Size and Geographical Origin

Ciguatoxic Potential of Brown-Marbled Grouper in Relation to Fish Size and Geographical Origin

Characteristic Features and Contributory Factors in Fatal Ciguatera Fish Poisoning—Implications for Prevention and Public Education

Small Island Developing States

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