Spatial Distribution and Associated Factors of Neonatal Mortality in Ethiopia: using Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016

Abstract

Background: Neonatal mortality is continuing on top of the agenda of public health and international development agencies. In Ethiopia, it is still high accounts 60% infant mortality and 43% of under-five mortality. However, the distribution of the problem across the regions of Ethiopia is not well addressed. Therefore, this analysis aimed to assess spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and identify associated factors in Ethiopia using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS). Exploring spatial distribution and identifying associated factors is important to select priority areas and design effective intervention program to reduce neonatal mortality. Methods: The analysis included 7,193 live births, selected by stratified two-stage cluster sampling techniques. Spatial analysis was done to explore spatial distribution of neonatal death using Geographic information system and Sat scan. Multilevel logistic regression was fitted to identify individual and community level factors associate with neonatal mortality. Results: The hot-spot areas for neonatal mortality were Amhara, West Tigray, northeast, southwest and central part of Oromia. Mother’s with age >35 years (AOR=2.25, 95CI%: 1.47, 3.45), family size of 3-5 (AOR=0.14, 95CI%: 0.06, 0.36) and 6 and above (AOR=0.08, 95%CI: 0.02, 0.20), male neonates (AOR=3.45, 95%CI: 2.27, 5.22), smaller birth size (AOR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.02, 2.54), birth interval less than 2 years (AOR=3.58, 95%CI: 1.66, 7.70) and 2 years and more (AOR=2.54, 95%CI: 1.26-5.11), early initiation of breast feeding (AOR=0.20, 95%CI: 0.09-0.42), had no ANC visit (AOR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.08, 2.60), did not receive PNC services (AOR=3.58, 95%CI: 1.13 -11.33) and C/S delivery (AOR=19.55, 95%CI: 8.07, 47.34) were statistically significant variables for neonatal mortality. Conclusions: High risk areas for neonatal mortality were identified in northern, central and southwest part of the Ethiopia. Individual level variables were important factors associated with neonatal mortality. Focusing on maternal health care services, increase birth interval and initiation of breast feeding early will be needed to reduce neonatal mortality.

Spatio-temporal variations in neonatal mortality rates in Ghana: An application of hierarchical Bayesian methods

“…The covariates were selected based on the conceptual framework for the study of child survival in developing countries developed by Mosley and Chen [13], and other previous studies [8,[14][15][16]. The covariates considered for analysis were the sex of child, birth type, birth interval, health insurance status of mother, weight of the child, maternal age, ever terminated pregnancy, mode of delivery, maternal marital status, number of children ever born, household size, maternal religion, literacy of mother, babies delivered at home, babies breastfed within 24 hours of life, unimproved sanitation facilities, unimproved water source facilities, delivery care, wealth index, prenatal care assistance and time to reach water source and return.…”