Spatial Concepts and Perception of Physical and Diagrammed Scenes

Bryant, David; Lanca, Margaret; Tversky, Barbara

doi:10.2466/pms.1995.81.2.531

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Our conclusion is based on the model presented by Franklin and Tversky (1990); (see also Bryant & Tversky, 1999), which postulates that spatial information is encoded within a reference system that is organized around extensions of the three major body axes. As in previous related studies not all differences between individual head/feet, front/back, and left/right comparisons were found to be significant (for some non‐significant patterns interpreted as imagined viewpoint switches, see Bryant & Wright, 1999; Bryant et al , 1992, 1995; Franklin & Tversky, 1990; Franklin et al , 1992). To the authors' knowledge the current findings are the first to suggest the adoption of an internal perspective after studying plan‐views in accordance with predictions from the spatial framework analysis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…In other words, in past studies the general pattern has been considered along with inferential statistics to determine which imagined viewpoint was adopted by participants (e.g. Bryant, Lanca, & Tversky, 1995; Bryant et al , 1992; Bryant & Wright, 1999; Franklin & Tversky, 1990; Franklin, Tversky, & Coon, 1992). We adopt the same criterion in this investigation.…”

Section: The Spatial Framework Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adoption of an internal viewpoint following presentations of plan‐view diagrams and maps

Drummond

Tlauka

2010

British J of Psychology

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This study investigated people's ability to adopt novel imagined viewpoints after studying plan-view diagrams and maps. In two experiments, university students were presented with a plan-view diagram of a character surrounded by nearby objects (Expt 1) or a character within a map of a multi-level shopping centre (Expt 2). Subsequently, participants' spatial knowledge of the diagrams/maps was tested by asking them about the location of six salient objects/places. In both experiments, the analyses of participants' spatial judgments suggested that they had adopted an imagined viewpoint internal to the character. The findings add to our understanding of imagined viewpoint switches along the vertical axis of space.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: The Spatial Framework Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Adoption of an internal viewpoint following presentations of plan‐view diagrams and maps

Drummond

Tlauka

2010

British J of Psychology

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“…Thus, participants should be faster to respond to objects to front/back than head/feet, and slowest to objects to left/right. These predictions have been upheld in more than a dozen experiments (Bryant, Lanca, & Tversky, 1995;Bryant, Tversky, & Lanca, 1998;Franklin & Tversky, 1990;Franklin et al, 1992). 1 Participants construct similar mental models from experiencing a situation as from reading about a situation.…”

Section: Spatial Framework Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental representations of perspective and spatial relations from diagrams and models.

Bryant¹,

Tversky²

1999

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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123

105

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In previous research (D. J. Bryant, B. Tversky, & N. Franklin, 1992; N. Franklin & B. Tversky, 1990), the authors showed that spatial knowledge conveyed by descriptions and direct experience induces participants to take the perspective of a character surrounded by objects. In this study, the authors used models and diagrams to convey the same information. With models, as with descriptions and experience, participants adopted the character's perspective (the spatial framework analysis). With diagrams, participants took an outside perspective (the intrinsic computation analysis). Even when informationally equivalent, different depictions made salient different aspects of the world. When instructed, however, participants were able to take either the inside or the outside perspective in memory for both diagrams and models. Depth cues in depictions also govern participants' perspective. When diagrams contained rich pictorial depth cues, participants used the spatial framework analysis, and when models were viewed without access to depth cues, participants relied on the intrinsic computation analysis. People's knowledge of the world comes not only directly, from experiencing the world, but also indirectly, from descriptions and depictions of the world. Perhaps because of its significance, spatial knowledge has been conveyed by external representations since prehistory. Maps, whether from stone, clay, wood, bark, or paper, have been invented by many cultures (e.g., Brown, 1949; Wilford, 1981). Spatial language alone can act like a map, effectively conveying spatial relations and relative distances (e.g., Bryant, Tversky,

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“…Cognitive maps are mental representations that contain spatial information about locations, as well as the directional relationships and distances between them (Downs & Stea, 1977; Tolman, 1948). These mental representations are formed through perceptual experiences, for example, via locomotion and stationary viewing, through static pictorial representations, such as diagrams, paintings, and photos, and via dynamic pictorial representations, including animations, movies, and videos (Bryant, Lanca, & Tversky, 1995; Bryant & Tversky, 1999; Friedman & Montello, 2006; Richardson, Montello, & Hegarty, 1999; Thorndyke & Hayes‐Roth, 1982). Cognitive maps can also be formed through language, by means of descriptions of locations from the navigator’s perspective, descriptions of tours of the environment, and descriptions of locations using a fixed point of view such as wind directions (Taylor & Tversky, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

Representing Spatial Structure Through Maps and Language: Lord of the Rings Encodes the Spatial Structure of Middle Earth

Louwerse

Benesh

2012

Cognitive Science

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Spatial mental representations can be derived from linguistic and non-linguistic sources of information. This study tested whether these representations could be formed from statistical linguistic frequencies of city names, and to what extent participants differed in their performance when they estimated spatial locations from language or maps. In a computational linguistic study, we demonstrated that co-occurrences of cities in Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit predicted the authentic longitude and latitude of those cities in Middle Earth. In a human study, we showed that human spatial estimates of the location of cities were very similar regardless of whether participants read Tolkien's texts or memorized a map of Middle Earth. However, text-based location estimates obtained from statistical linguistic frequencies better predicted the human text-based estimates than the human map-based estimates. These findings suggest that language encodes spatial structure of cities, and that human cognitive map representations can come from implicit statistical linguistic patterns, from explicit non-linguistic perceptual information, or from both.

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Spatial Concepts and Perception of Physical and Diagrammed Scenes

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Adoption of an internal viewpoint following presentations of plan‐view diagrams and maps

Adoption of an internal viewpoint following presentations of plan‐view diagrams and maps

Mental representations of perspective and spatial relations from diagrams and models.

Representing Spatial Structure Through Maps and Language: Lord of the Rings Encodes the Spatial Structure of Middle Earth

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