Spatial coding of position and orientation in primary visual cortex

Bosking, William H.; Crowley, Justin C.; Fitzpatrick, David

doi:10.1038/nn908

Cited by 110 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…OIS maps can serve as a reference to a spatial pattern of neuronal activity; a good correlation between neural activity and OIS has already been observed in the visual cortex (Grinvald et al, 1986;Shmuel and Grinvald, 1996;Maldonado et al, 1997;Bosking et al, 2002). Although neural correlates to OIS in visual cortex have been demonstrated only with dHb-weighted wavelengths (e.g., 610 -650 nm), good agreement between iso-orientation maps of 570 nm OIS and those of dHb-weighted OIS (Fukuda et al, 2005(Fukuda et al, , 2006a suggests that 570 nm OIS is also a good neural correlate.…”

Section: Assignment Of Stimulus Orientation To Temporally Encoded Bolmentioning

confidence: 91%

Neural Interpretation of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent fMRI Maps at Submillimeter Columnar Resolution

Moon

Fukuda²,

Park³

et al. 2007

Journal of Neuroscience

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Whether conventional gradient-echo (GE) blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is able to map submillimeter-scale functional columns remains debatable mainly because of the spatially nonspecific large vessel contribution, poor sensitivity and reproducibility, and lack of independent evaluation. Furthermore, if the results from optical imaging of intrinsic signals are directly applicable, regions with the highest BOLD signals may indicate neurally inactive domains rather than active columns when multiple columns are activated. To examine these issues, we performed BOLD fMRI at a magnetic field of 9.4 tesla to map orientation-selective columns of isoflurane-anesthetized cats. We could not convincingly map orientation columns using conventional block-design stimulation and differential analysis method because of large fluctuations of signals. However, we successfully obtained GE BOLD iso-orientation maps with high reproducibility (r ϭ 0.74) using temporally encoded continuous cyclic orientation stimulation with Fourier data analysis, which reduces orientation-nonselective signals such as draining artifacts and is less sensitive to signal fluctuations. We further reduced large vessel contribution using the improved spin-echo (SE) BOLD method but with overall decreased sensitivity. Both GE and SE BOLD iso-orientation maps excluding large pial vascular regions were significantly correlated to maps with a known neural interpretation, which were obtained in contrast agent-aided cerebral blood volume fMRI and total hemoglobin-based optical imaging of intrinsic signals at a hemoglobin iso-sbestic point (570 nm). These results suggest that, unlike the expectation from deoxyhemoglobin-based optical imaging studies, the highest BOLD signals are localized to the sites of increased neural activity when column-nonselective signals are suppressed.

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Section: Assignment Of Stimulus Orientation To Temporally Encoded Bolmentioning

confidence: 91%

Neural Interpretation of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent fMRI Maps at Submillimeter Columnar Resolution

Moon

Fukuda²,

Park³

et al. 2007

Journal of Neuroscience

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“…We compared the plasma-based CBV-weighted fMRI signal with CBV-weighted 570 nm OIS, which indicates a change in total hemoglobin, or red blood cell (RBC) counts, thus addressing a change in total blood volume at the resolution of functional columns. Previously, neural correlates to OIS in visual cortex have only been demonstrated with dHb-weighted wavelengths (Grinvald et al, 1986;Shmuel and Grinvald, 1996;Maldonado et al, 1997;Bosking et al, 2002). However, good agreement between iso-orientation maps of 570 nm OIS and dHb-weighted OIS (Fukuda et al, 2005) (supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Cbv-weighted Fmri Versus Optical Imaging Iso-orientation Mapsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Of these, OIS imaging is the best choice. OIS maps can serve as a reference to a spatial pattern of neuronal activity; a good correlation between spiking activity and OIS has already been observed (Grinvald et al, 1986;Maldonado et al, 1997;Bosking et al, 2002) (see also Blasdel and Salama, 1986). In contrast, the 2-DG technique cannot be per-formed with multiple stimulus configurations, and multiple-unit recording lacks sufficient field of view because of the point-bypoint measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mapping Iso-Orientation Columns by Contrast Agent-Enhanced Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Reproducibility, Specificity, and Evaluation by Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signal

Fukuda¹,

Moon²,

Wang³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

114

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Activation resembling ocular dominance or orientation columns has been mapped with high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, the neuronal interpretation of these functional maps is unclear because of the poor sensitivity of fMRI, unknown point spread function (PSF), and lack of comparison with independent techniques. Here we show that cerebral blood volume (CBV)-weighted fMRI with a blood plasma contrast agent (monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles), in combination with continuous temporally encoded stimulation, can map columnar neuronal activity in the cat primary visual cortex with high sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. We examined hemodynamic response PSF by comparing these CBV-based signals with oxygen metabolism-based negative blood oxygenation level-dependent signals. A significant positive correlation exists between CBV-and metabolism-based iso-orientation maps, suggesting that the hemodynamic PSF is narrower than intercolumn distances. We also compared CBV-based fMRI with optical intrinsic signal (OIS) imaging, a technique that identifies sites of increased neuronal activity, to investigate neuronal correlation. Iso-orientation maps obtained by fMRI and OIS were well matched, indicating that areas of the highest orientation-selective CBV signals correspond to sites of increased neural activity. Using CBV-based fMRI, we successfully mapped orientation-selective functional architecture in the medial bank of the visual cortex, an area inaccessible to OIS imaging. Thus, we conclude that contrast agent-based fMRI, in combination with continuous temporally encoded stimulation, is a highly sensitive technique capable of mapping neural activity at the resolution of functional columns without depth limitation.

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“…In the visual cortex, even the smallest visual stimulus will activate the receptive fields of thousands of neurons (Van Essen et al, 1984;Bosking et al, 2002;Chen et al, 2006). The extent to which we understand this process depends on the size of the neural ensemble considered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Diversity and Fine-Scale Organization of Receptive Fields in Mouse Visual Cortex

Bonin

Histed²,

Yurgenson³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

234

217

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Many thousands of cortical neurons are activated by any single sensory stimulus, but the organization of these populations is poorly understood. For example, are neurons in mouse visual cortex-whose preferred orientations are arranged randomly-organized with respect to other response properties? Using high-speed in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, we characterized the receptive fields of up to 100 excitatory and inhibitory neurons in a 200 m imaged plane. Inhibitory neurons had nonlinearly summating, complex-like receptive fields and were weakly tuned for orientation. Excitatory neurons had linear, simple receptive fields that can be studied with noise stimuli and system identification methods. We developed a wavelet stimulus that evoked rich population responses and yielded the detailed spatial receptive fields of most excitatory neurons in a plane. Receptive fields and visual responses were locally highly diverse, with nearby neurons having largely dissimilar receptive fields and response time courses. Receptive-field diversity was consistent with a nearly random sampling of orientation, spatial phase, and retinotopic position. Retinotopic positions varied locally on average by approximately half the receptive-field size. Nonetheless, the retinotopic progression across the cortex could be demonstrated at the scale of 100 m, with a magnification of ϳ10 m/°. Receptive-field and response similarity were in register, decreasing by 50% over a distance of 200 m. Together, the results indicate considerable randomness in local populations of mouse visual cortical neurons, with retinotopy as the principal source of organization at the scale of hundreds of micrometers.

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Spatial coding of position and orientation in primary visual cortex

Cited by 110 publications

References 43 publications

Neural Interpretation of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent fMRI Maps at Submillimeter Columnar Resolution

Neural Interpretation of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent fMRI Maps at Submillimeter Columnar Resolution

Mapping Iso-Orientation Columns by Contrast Agent-Enhanced Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Reproducibility, Specificity, and Evaluation by Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signal

Local Diversity and Fine-Scale Organization of Receptive Fields in Mouse Visual Cortex

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