Spatial Clustering Properties in the Temporal Variation of Suicide Rates/Numbers among Japanese Citizens: A Comprehensive Comparison and Discussion

Tomita, Makoto; Kubota, Takafumi; Ishioka, Fumio

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127358

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Bayesian spatial and temporal models are widely used in public health and crime research [ 30 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 46 – 54 ]. Two separate hierarchical models were fitted to the data, one for total violence and another for suicide as a proportion of total violence.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatio-temporal analysis of suicide in El Salvador

Carcach¹

2017

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundIn 2012, international statistics showed El Salvador’s suicide rate as 40th in the world and the highest in Latin America. Over the last 15 years, national statistics show the suicide death rate declining as opposed to an increasing rate of homicide. Though completed suicide is an important social and health issue, little is known about its prevalence, incidence, etiology and spatio-temporal behavior. The primary objective of this study was to examine completed suicide and homicide using the stream analogy to lethal violence within a spatio-temporal framework.MethodsA Bayesian model was applied to examine the spatio-temporal evolution of the tendency of completed suicide over homicide in El Salvador. Data on numbers of suicides and homicides at the municipal level were obtained from the Instituto de Medicina Legal (IML) and population counts, from the Dirección General de Estadística y Censos (DIGESTYC), for the period of 2002 to 2012. Data on migration were derived from the 2007 Population Census, and inequality data were obtained from a study by Damianović, Valenzuela and Vera.ResultsThe data reveal a stable standardized rate of total lethal violence (completed suicide plus homicide) across municipalities over time; a decline in suicide; and a standardized suicide rate decreasing with income inequality but increasing with social isolation. Municipalities clustered in terms of both total lethal violence and suicide standardized rates.ConclusionsSpatial effects for suicide were stronger among municipalities located in the north-east and center-south sides of the country. New clusters of municipalities with large suicide standardized rates were detected in the north-west, south-west and center-south regions, all of which are part of time-stable clusters of homicide. Prevention efforts to reduce income inequality and mitigate the negative effects of weak relational systems should focus upon municipalities forming time-persistent clusters with a large rate of death by suicide. In municipalities that are part of newly-formed suicide clusters and also are located in areas with a large rate of homicide, interrupting the expansion of spatial concentrations of suicide over time may require the implementation of both public health and public safety interventions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatio-temporal analysis of suicide in El Salvador

Carcach¹

2017

BMC Public Health

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“…Three hundred thirty-five areas have been set up to provide efficient medical services as of January 2021 [5]. Studies on suicide have been conducted at each of the following regional levels: prefectures [6][7][8][9][10][11][12], secondary health care areas [13,14], municipal towns and villages [15][16][17][18][19][20], and cities and villages in specific prefectures [21,22]. It is critical to comprehensively assess the efficiency of suicide prevention measures in each administrative unit, such as prefectures, secondary health care areas, and municipalities, to assure the success of suicide prevention measures throughout Japan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for a few studies [7,15,17,20] that noted that suicide neighborhoods clustered in spatial contiguity, most studies did not investigate the impact of spatial proximity on neighborhood suicide. This is problematic because suicide is influenced not only by the individual but also by the surrounding context [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When considering effective countermeasures in line with local conditions, it is essential to clarify regional disparities in suicide, considering spatial continuity. In Japan, regional cluster suicides have been recorded using a spatial epidemiology technique called spatial scanning [15]. Previous studies using spatial regression models suggested a regional continuum of suicide in Japan, related to access to psychiatric care population density and cultural values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial statistical analysis of regional disparities in suicide among policy units in Japan: Using the Bayesian hierarchical model

Koda

Kondo

Takahashi

et al. 2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Suicide prevention is a crucial policy issue in Japan to be addressed nationally. Nevertheless, if there are regional differences in suicide, even in adjacent sub-regions, measures may need to be taken at the sub-regional level. Previous studies have not compared regional differences in suicide based on the size of policy units, such as prefectures, secondary medical areas, and municipalities. This study used the number of suicides from open data for 10 years from 2009 to 2018 to obtain shrinkage estimates of the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) using the Bayesian hierarchical model. We visualized and compared the regional disparities in suicide for each policy unit. For each gender and policy unit, adjacent regions had similar clusters of SMRs and positive spatial autocorrelation of global Moran’s I (p < 0.001 for each). Comparisons between each policy unit showed that even if the SMR was low for the prefectural units, there were regions with high SMRs in municipalities and secondary medical areas, and vice versa. It was found that assessing suicide solely on a prefecture-by-prefecture basis may overlook regional disparities in suicide. This research emphasizes the need to establish suicide indicators at the secondary medical or municipal level and execute individual suicide prevention interventions in neighboring communities. Prefectures can also play a role in developing collaborative cooperation between neighboring regions by acting as actors.

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“…Kajinishi et al (2019) explained the usage of EcheScan software. Hotspot studies of spatial data using spatial scan statistics and echelon analysis employ the following kinds of data: multivariate spatial data (Kurihara et al, 2006), three‐dimensional spatiotemporal data (Ishioka et al, 2007; Ishioka & Kurihara, 2012), DNA data (Tomita et al, 2008), suicide data (Tomita et al, 2015), and radiation monitoring post data (Ishioka & Kurihara, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echelon analysis and its software for spatial lattice data

Kurihara

Ishioka

2022

WIREs Computational Stats

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In this study, we explore the use of echelon analysis and its software named EcheScan for spatial lattice data. EcheScan is developed as a web application via an internet browser in R language and Shiny server for echelon analysis. The technique of echelon is proposed to analyze the topological structure for spatial lattice data. The echelon tree provides a dendrogram representation. Regional features, such as hierarchical spatial data structure and hotspots clusters, are shown in an echelon dendrogram. In addition, we introduce the conception of echelon with the values and neighbors for lattice data. We also explain the use of EcheScan for one‐ and two‐dimensional regular lattice data. Furthermore, coronavirus disease 2019 death data corresponding to 50 US states are illustrated using EcheScan as an example of geospatial lattice data. This article is categorized under: Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data Analysis Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification Data: Types and Structure > Image and Spatial Data

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Spatial Clustering Properties in the Temporal Variation of Suicide Rates/Numbers among Japanese Citizens: A Comprehensive Comparison and Discussion

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

A spatio-temporal analysis of suicide in El Salvador

A spatio-temporal analysis of suicide in El Salvador

Spatial statistical analysis of regional disparities in suicide among policy units in Japan: Using the Bayesian hierarchical model

Echelon analysis and its software for spatial lattice data

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