“…Some of the natural causes include excessive precipitation (MacLeod et al, 2021;Umar and Gray, 2023;Agbonkhese et al, 2014); nature of soil, its maximum moisture retention level (Tramblay et al, 2021); extreme weather conditions (Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency, 2020); and ocean surge/overflow of rivers (Nkwunonwo et al, 2020;Komolafe et al, 2015). The anthropogenic causes of flooding include uncontrolled urbanization (Ulor et al, 2022), construction on natural drainage pathways (Ogbonna et al, 2023;Njoku et al, 2010), poor physical infrastructure like collapsed storm drainage systems (Ogbonna et al, 2023), poor management of dams (Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency, 2020), ineffective land use management (Ogbonna et al, 2023;Adegboyega et al, 2018), deficient urban waste management (Nkwunonwo et al, 2020, Njoku et al, 2010, and ineffective environmental planning (Umar and Gray, 2023).…”