Spatial Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) Concentration in Agaricus bisporus Mushroom Collected from Local Vegetable Markets of Uttarakhand State, India

Abstract

This study presents a spatial assessment of eight potentially toxic elements (PTE: Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn, and Zn) in white button (Agaricus bisporus J.E. Lange) mushroom samples collected from the local vegetable markets of Uttarakhand State, India. Fresh A. bisporus samples were collected from thirteen districts and fifteen sampling locations (M1-M15) and analyzed for the concentration of these PTE using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results revealed that A. bisporus contained all eight selected PTE in all sampling locations. Based on the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, principal component (PC), and hierarchical cluster (HC) analyses, the areas with a plane geographical distribution showed the highest PTE concentrations in the A. bisporus samples as compared to those in hilly areas. Overall, the decreasing order of PTE concentration in A. bisporus was recognized as Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd > Pb. The Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA tests displayed a highly significant (p < 0.05) difference among the sampling locations. However, the concentration of PTE was below permissible limits, indicating no potential hazard in consuming the A. bisporus. Similarly, the health risk assessment studies using the target hazard quotient (THQ) also showed no significant health risk associated with the consumption of A. bisporus being sold in the local mushroom markets of Uttarakhand, India. This study is the first report on state-level monitoring of PTE in A. bisporus mushrooms, which provides crucial information regarding the monitoring and occurrence of potentially toxic metallic elements.

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Occurrence in Two Wild Edible Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) Collected from Rajaji National Park

“…It was revealed that child THQs were always higher than the adult and that THQs of P. ostreatus were higher compared to those of P. djamor . A similar observation was recently acknowledged by Kumar et al [ 12 ] regarding Agaricus bisporus mushrooms collected from Uttarakhand state markets. The study of HRIs on Tricholoma spp.…”

“…Multivariate statistical analyses are one of the most effective methods for generalizing randomly distributed large data sets. In a recent study by Kumar et al [ 12 ], the contents of heavy metals in Agaricus bisporus mushroom collected from different locations in Uttarakhand State, India were analyzed using geospatial and multivariate statistical tools i.e., principal component analysis and cluster analysis. They found that both PCA and HCA helped identify the districts which had the highest heavy-metal contamination across the state.…”

“…Other potentially toxic heavy metals such as Hg can lead to the disruption of growth factor synthesis and affect reproduction, respectively [ 11 ]. Recently, the health risk and heavy-metal composition of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms sold in Uttarakhand State local markets were assessed [ 12 ]. Authors found a decreasing order of heavy metals as: Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd, with no potential hazard in consumption.…”

Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Cadmium Accumulation in Three Tricholoma Mushroom Species Collected from Wild Habitats of Central and Coastal Croatia

“…Regarding this, the Maksimir site showed high variation for Cd levels in T. terreum mushroom. Previously, Kumar et al [ 34 ] used PCA and HCA approaches to derive the interrelationship between heavy metal levels in Agaricus bisporus and their sampling locations across the thirteen districts of Uttarakhand State in India. They revealed that PCA and HCA were useful to understanding the impact of sampling location on the availability of eight heavy metals, including Cd in A. bisporus samples.…”

“…Thus, high concentrations of Cd in mushroom edible parts may have adverse effects on human health. Some other studied species that can accumulate Cd are: Agaricus bisporus [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]; A. campestris [ 17 , 26 , 36 ]; A. macrosporus [ 37 ]; Armillaria mellea [ 30 , 38 , 39 ]; Amanita muscaria and A. allies [ 19 ]; Boletus edulis [ 32 , 36 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]; Cantharellus cibarius [ 40 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]; Cystoderma carcharias [ 49 ]; Macrolepiota procera [ 25 , 26 , 36 , 50 , 51 ]; and Xerocomus badius [ 24 , 30 , 36 , 41 , 52 ]. The concentration of Cd in mushroom species of the genus Tricholoma usually varies in the range of <0.5 to 1 mg/kg [ 17 , 26 , 30 , 36 , 53 ].…”