Spatial and temporal variation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 and the influence of ambient temperature in Tianjin, China

Kong, Shaofei; Ji, Yaqin; Liu, Lingling; Chen, Li; Zhao, Xueyan; Wang, Jiajun; Zhang, Bai; Sun, Zilin

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.053

Cited by 107 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The total PAE concentration of indoor PM 10 was 32 times higher than that of the ambient PM 10 measured in this study, indicating that sources of PAEs exist mainly in indoor environments. The values determined in the study conducted by Kong et al (2013a) in ambient air in Tianjin were much higher than those measured in this study. Thus, a detailed emission inventory for PAEs is needed to better understand the diversities of their levels in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Pae Concentrations In Pm 10 and Pm 25contrasting

confidence: 41%

“…S2), which can be attributed to their high level of use; DEHP and DBP are the main additives used in industrial production (Wang et al, 2008). Many studies have shown that DEHP and DBP were the most abundant PAEs in ambient PM (Zeng et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2008;Shao et al, 2009;Kong et al, 2013a). Table S1 shows a comparison of PAE concentrations in Tianjin among different studies.…”

Section: Pae Concentrations In Pm 10 and Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, PAEs pose a considerable threat to human health because they are ubiquitous in food, soil, dust, air, and drinking water . Kong et al (2013a) conducted detailed comparison of six PAE levels in ambient PM 10 and PM 2.5 of Tianjin in three seasons and focused on the influence of ambient temperature. Zhang et al (2014) investigated the concentrations, characteristics and the daily intake of six PAE in indoor PM 10 and PM 2.5 from thirteen homes in Tianjin, China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phthalate Ester Concentrations, Sources, and Risks in the Ambient Air of Tianjin, China

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Phthalate esters (PAEs) are excessively used in industries, which have posed a serious threat to human health. In this study, PAEs concentrations, sources, and risks in the ambient air of Tianjin, China were studied. The average concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) in PM 10 were 0.18, 0.08, 2.24, 0.02, 10.79, and 0.10 ng m -3 , respectively; in PM 2.5 the average concentrations were 0.14, 0.07, 1.93, 0.02, 6.26, and 0.05 ng m -3 , respectively. DEHP and DBP were the predominant compounds identified, and the concentrations of PAEs in summer were significantly higher than those in winter. A coefficient of divergence analysis indicated that the PAE composition profiles in PM 10 and PM 2.5 were significantly different at the HD (Hedong) and HB (Hebei) sites; however, they were similar to each other at the NK (Nankai) and TT (Tieta) sites. A principal component analysis indicated that the emissions from cosmetics, personal care products, industrial processes, plasticizers, and medical devices may be major sources of PAEs in ambient PM in Tianjin. The daily intake (DI) of six PAEs from ambient air inhalation in Tianjin was estimated for five age groups. The results showed that the highest exposure dose was DMP in all age groups. Infants experienced the highest total DI of all six PAEs, whereas adults experienced the lowest total DI. The cancer risks from ambient air inhalation exposure were also estimated on the basis of DEHP concentrations. Although the risks for all population groups were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency threshold of 10 -6 , our result underestimates the actual health risk because only ambient air inhalation exposure to DEHP was considered in this study. Additional studies are necessary to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to air pollution in Tianjin.

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Section: Pae Concentrations In Pm 10 and Pm 25contrasting

confidence: 41%

Section: Pae Concentrations In Pm 10 and Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phthalate Ester Concentrations, Sources, and Risks in the Ambient Air of Tianjin, China

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…the winter wheat harvest were higher than those at the summer maize harvest, which may be due to the relatively higher deposition of PAEs during the winter wheat season [33,34]. At each crop harvest, there were no significant differences in the total concentrations of PAEs among the three treatments (p > 0.05), indicating there was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in the soil.…”

Section: Concentrations Of the 6 Paes And Each Individual Pae In The mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The concentrations of the 6 PAEs in the topsoil ranged from 4.87 mg/kg to 5.34 mg/kg, 2.79 mg/kg to 3.78 mg/kg, and 3.62 mg/kg to 4.18 mg/kg at the winter wheat (2015), summer maize (2015) and winter wheat (2016) harvests, respectively. The concentrations of the 6 PAEs in the topsoil at the winter wheat harvest were higher than those at the summer maize harvest, which may be due to the relatively higher deposition of PAEs during the winter wheat season [33,34]. At each crop harvest, there were no significant differences in the total concentrations of PAEs among the three treatments (p > 0.05), indicating there was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in the soil.…”

Section: Calculations (1) Bioaccumulation Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Huang

et al. 2018

Water

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Waste/reclaimed irrigation water has been promoted due to water shortages in arid and semi-arid areas. However, this process may be one of the sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soils, and the potential risks of PAEs for soil ecosystems and human health have attracted considerable attention. A two-year (from October 2014 to October 2016) field experiment was conducted to assess the contamination risk of PAEs from reclaimed irrigation water in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields on the North China Plain. Three types of irrigation water quality were arranged for each variety, including reclaimed water, groundwater, and a mixture of reclaimed water and groundwater (1:1, v/v). The results indicate that the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in topsoil ranged from 2.79 to 5.34 mg/kg at the time of crop harvest. There was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in the soil. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant contaminants in all soil samples, accounting for 43.2%~68.7% and 27.1%~48.6%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and DnBP in all soil samples exceeded the allowable soil concentrations, but the levels were far below the recommended soil cleanup objectives. The grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize ranged from 4.35 to 7.1 t/ha and 1.03 to 6.46 t/ha, respectively. There were no significant effects of reclaimed water on the growth characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat (p > 0.05); however, the effect of reclaimed irrigation water on summer maize was influenced by climate. The concentrations of the 6 PAEs in wheat grain and maize grain ranged from 1.03 to 4.05 mg/kg and from 0.37 to 3.29 mg/kg, respectively. For the same variety, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in cereal grains among different treatments (p > 0.05). DEHP and DnBP were the most abundant components in most crop samples, accounting for 31.6%~77.9% and 21.1%~64.7%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The concentrations of the PAEs, DnBP and DEHP in cereal grains were lower than those in the reference doses. The BCFs of the 6 PAEs and of each PAE in cereal grains were 0.43~1.25 and 0.33~35.75, respectively. The BCFs of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were the highest (1.41~35.75), followed by DMP and DEHP. There were almost no significant differences in the BCFs of each PAE among the three treatments. The total carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 2.82 × 10 −5 for adults and 1.81 × 10 −5 for children. The total non-carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 3.37 × 10 −1 for adults and 7.98 × 10 −1 for children. DHEP was the dominant contributor to both risks, and the intake of cereals was the main exposure pathway for the two risks. In conclusion, there were no significant effects of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in soil and cereal grains compared with groundwater irrigation, and the human health risks were within ...

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Development of an air‐flow‐assisted extractive electrospray ionization source for rapid analysis of phthalic acid esters in spirits

Sun

Wang

et al. 2015

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Spatial and temporal variation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 and the influence of ambient temperature in Tianjin, China

Cited by 107 publications

References 28 publications

Phthalate Ester Concentrations, Sources, and Risks in the Ambient Air of Tianjin, China

Phthalate Ester Concentrations, Sources, and Risks in the Ambient Air of Tianjin, China

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Development of an air‐flow‐assisted extractive electrospray ionization source for rapid analysis of phthalic acid esters in spirits

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