Spatial and Temporal Variation in Cadmium Body Loads of Four Intertidal Invertebrates from False Bay, South Africa

Reinecke, A. J.; Mdzeke, Naomi; Reinecke, S. A.

doi:10.3377/004.047.0121

Cited by 6 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…6 and 0.45 µm micro-filter paper. This method is described in detail in Reinecke et al (2012). These samples were analysed using an inductive coupled plasma atomic spectrophotometer (ICP, Hp 4500).…”

Section: Metal Analyses Of Field and Laboratory Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular responses of the starfish Parvalustra exigua to metal pollution in False Bay, South Africa

Reinecke

2014

African Zoology

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The cushion sea star Parvalustra exigua from five sites along the shore of False Bay on the southern coast of South Africa was studied using two cellular biomarkers, the neutral red retention assay (NRR) and the lysosomal destabilization assay (DI) to assess damage in the coelomocytes in response to metals. This was compared to pollution levels using a pollution load index (PLI) calculated for metals present. Laboratory exposures to cadmium were done to verify biomarker responses. The PLIs for the sites correlated with the levels of anthropogenic activities and effluent inflow. The highest pollution was at Muizenberg, with human habitation on the shore level, a fishing harbour and informal settlements. These specimens had shorter NRR times, indicating more damage than those from sites with lower pollution. The DI results also correlated with pollution levels. This study provided evidence that P. exigua has potential for monitoring environmental pollution, using biomarkers, especially in southern coastal areas due to its distribution.

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Section: Metal Analyses Of Field and Laboratory Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular responses of the starfish Parvalustra exigua to metal pollution in False Bay, South Africa

Reinecke

2014

African Zoology

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“…Teen hierdie agtergrond is besluit om, as vertrekpunt, die aandag eerstens te fokus op die voorkoms van die sogenaamde swaar metale soos kadmium (Cd), koper (Cu), nikkel (Ni), lood (Pb) en sink (Zn) wat via verskeie roetes in Valsbaai beland (Mdzeke 2004;Reinecke & Reinecke 2007;Reinecke, Mdzeke & Reinecke 2012).…”

Section: Inleidingunclassified

“…Die omgewingskonsentrasies van Gu was waarskynlik sodanig dat die organismes dit kon reguleer(Rosen et al 2008). Daar kan dus nie tot die slotsom gekom word dat die gebruik van Cu-bevattende plaagbeheermiddels in die opvanggebiede van die baai in die période wat die Studie voorafgegaan het, 'n bedreiging ingehou het vir die seesterre nie.Verlaagde soutgehalte in die gebiede waar die Lourens-, Rooiels-en Kleinmondrivier in die baai uitmond(Reinecke et al 2012), kon die biobeskikbaarheid van metale beinvloed het (Gunningham 1979) omdatHops (1990) aangetoon het dat 'n verlaging in soutgehalte tot 'n verlaging in die chlorokompleksering van swaar metale lei. Die gevolg is dat die vrye ione meer biobeskikbaar is vir opname deur organismes.…”

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“…Die gevolg is dat die vrye ione meer biobeskikbaar is vir opname deur organismes. Dit kan dan die hoër konsentrasies in die sediment en organismes in hierdie lokaliteite verklaar gedurende die périodes van lae soutgehalte wat met verhoogde reënval en stroomvloei gepaard gaan Reinecke et al, (2012). is van oordeel dat lokaliteite met 'n lae soutgehalte geassosieer kan word met hoë Gd-konsentrasies in die sagte weefsel van ander tussengetydiersoorte.…”

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Is metal pollution a threat to the continued survival of the starfish in False Bay, South Africa?

Reinecke

2013

Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskr Natuurwetenskap Tegnol

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Urbanisation and industrial development in the catchment area of False Bay in South Africa are increasing and concern was raised about the effect of environmental pollutants on intertidal fauna such as starfish. The aim of the present study was to obtain initial descriptive baseline data over several seasons during 2000–2001 of metal concentrations in water, sediment and body samples of the chosen cushion starfish Parvulastra exigua (Lamarck, 1816) that occurs widely in the intertidal zone of False Bay. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc were measured in samples of the cushion starfish, water and sediment at five localities along the coast of False Bay. The samples were chemically analysed for metals by atomic spectrophotometry. The highest individually measured concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in starfish and sediment were found in the northern coastal region between Strand and Muizenberg where most industrial activity and human settlement occur. Large variation in concentrations of all metals occurred between localities and seasons. The mean concentrations of Cd and Pb in water and sediment were in a few instances slightly higher than the recommended levels or target values of the South African marine water and sediment quality norms but still lower than those in various developed countries. Indications are that the bay was at the time of this study still less contaminated by metals in comparison with the coastal waters of various other countries. The accumulation of nonessential metals such as cadmium and lead in both sediment and bodies of starfish was nevertheless such that it can be assumed that environmental concentrations in some parts of the bay could over time build up to levels that are detrimental to the species as well as their predators. This study provided evidence that the cushion starfish in False Bay is exposed to several metals of which some are potentially hazardous since they tend to gradually accumulate in animal bodies. Risk assessment, however, requires additional information about the causal relationship between exposure and biological effects at the cellular, organismic and population levels before informed decisions can be made whether the threat to starfish is such that intervention is required.

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“…Ongewerweldes se rol as ophopers of akkumuleerders van metale is nog nie indringend aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus bestudeer nie. Reinecke et al (2009) het die tolletjie, ook bekend as die 'periwinkle', Oxystele tigrina, in Valsbaai se tussengetygebied bestudeer terwyl Reinecke et al (2012) oor die Cd in die liggaamsladings van vier invertebraatspesies uit die baai gerapporteer het.…”

Section: Inleidingunclassified

The South African pig carcass classification system.

Siebrits

Hambrock

Pieterse

2012

Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskr. Natuurwetenskap Tegnol.

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The current regression equations for the prediction of pig carcass lean content in South Africa were calculated in 1992 and had not been updated since, whilst pig carcasses became much leaner and often heavier than the 90 kg originally used. It therefore became necessary to critically evaluate the classification regressions to establish whether the genetic improvement had a substantial effect on lean prediction and whether the same regression may be extrapolated to heavier carcasses. Ultimately, it must be established whether the producer is fairly remunerated. Eighty-one pigs, consisting of five representative genotypes and three sexes (gilts, boars and barrows) at a live mass between 20 kg and 30 kg, were allocated to eight slaughter groups, fed a standard diet ad libitum and slaughtered at live masses ranging from 74 kg to 160 kg. Fat measurements were taken on the carcasses using a Hennessy Grading Probe® and an Intrascope®, whereafter the left sides were divided into wholesale cuts and dissected into lean, fat, skin and bone. Fat measurements were also taken on the live animals prior to slaughter using a Renco Lean Meater®. Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to calculate regression equations between lean percentage and fat measurements as well as eye muscle diameter. Although the original equations still hold, even for heavier carcasses, alarming deviations from frequencies of observed carcass classifications were observed. This implies that either the producers are paid less than what they deserve, or the meat trade and consumer pay more than what they should. However, the price differences between both the two leanest classes and the two fattest classes are too small to have a significant effect on the price of pork.

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Spatial and Temporal Variation in Cadmium Body Loads of Four Intertidal Invertebrates from False Bay, South Africa

Cited by 6 publications

References 53 publications

Cellular responses of the starfish Parvalustra exigua to metal pollution in False Bay, South Africa

Cellular responses of the starfish Parvalustra exigua to metal pollution in False Bay, South Africa

Is metal pollution a threat to the continued survival of the starfish in False Bay, South Africa?

The South African pig carcass classification system.

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