Spatial and temporal variation in weather events critical for boreal agriculture: I Elevated temperatures

Peltonen‐Sainio, Pirjo; Pirinen, Pentti; Mäkelä, Hanna; Hyvärinen, Otto; Huusela-Veistola, Erja; Ojanen, Hannu; Venäläinen, Ari

doi:10.23986/afsci.51465

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As temperature along with sunlight strongly controls crop growth and development, the warmer GS may provide improved conditions for agriculture in high latitude regions where the GS is short (Linderholm ; Peltonen‐Sainio and Rajala ; Peltonen‐Sainio et al . , ). On the other hand, the wetter GS primarily alters crop growth, yield and quality, and also many agricultural activities like tillage, sowing, crop protection and harvesting (Peltonen‐Sainio et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of atmospheric circulation patterns in agroclimate variability in finland, 1961–2011

Irannezhad

Chen

Kløve

2016

Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography

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This study evaluates interannual variations and trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum in Finland during 1961-2011, and their connections to well known atmospheric circulation patterns. Changes in summer (June-August) climate partially explain changes in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum over Finland, which naturally decreased from south to north. On a national scale, growing season warmed and became wetter during 1961-2011, as growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 5.01 ± 3.17°C year -1 and 1.39 ± 0.91 mm year -1 , respectively. The East Atlantic pattern was the most influential atmospheric circulation pattern for variations in growing season daily temperature sum (rho = 0.40) across Finland and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern was most influential for growing season daily precipitation sum variability (rho = -0.54). There were significant (p < 0.05) increasing trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum throughout Finland during 1961-2011. Increased growing season daily temperature sum was mainly observed in northern, central, western, eastern and coastal areas of south-western Finland. This warming was positively associated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north, centre and south, but negatively associated with the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in eastern Finland. Increased GSP mostly occurred in southern, eastern, western, central, northern and north-western Finland. These wetting trends were positively correlated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north and negatively correlated with the Polar pattern in the south and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in the east, west, centre and north-east of Finland. The overall agroclimatic year-to-year variability in Finland between 1961 and 2011 was mostly linked to variations in the East Atlantic and East Atlantic/West Russia patterns.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of atmospheric circulation patterns in agroclimate variability in finland, 1961–2011

Irannezhad

Chen

Kløve

2016

Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography

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“…This may facilitate complementarity between oat and pea as companions in intercrops. For example, risk of drought episodes -often with coinciding elevated temperatures -is particularly high in early summer, after which it diminishes (Peltonen-Sainio et al 2016a, Peltonen-Sainio et al 2016b, Peltonen-Sainio et al 2016c: in years when drought occurs, oat yields are at higher risk than for pea, as elevated temperatures interfere with yield formation of oat, but favors that in pea ). As we found substantial variation in accumulation of precipitation and temperature across years and locations, it is apparent that the recorded variation in onset and duration of critical phenophases exposed companion crops to harmful and/or advantageous weather events differently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing an outperforming pea cultivar for intercropping with oat at high latitudes

Peltonen‐Sainio¹,

Kontturi²,

Laine³

et al. 2017

AFSci

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The cereal often dominates the grain legume in intercrops, especially when sown in larger amounts. This study assessed yield formation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) in an intercropping system in high-latitude conditions. Three pea cultivars (Hulda, Karita and Perttu) and one oat cultivar (Roope) were grown as sole crops and intercrops with shares of either 7.5% or 15% of oat (as weight of sown seed mixture). Experiments were organized in three (southern, western and northern) locations of Finland for three years. Yield and vegetative above-ground biomass, their land equivalent ratio (LER, i.e., the yield in intercrop compared to that of the component yields in pure stands), and a number of yield components were measured prior to harvest at crop-stand and single-plant levels. The share of oat in the intercrop did not have any impact on variation in LER yield . Oat yield and yield components generally benefitted from a pea companion crop. The pea cultivar Perttu was superior in intercrops: it had a LER yield >1 in seven out of eight experiments (mean LER yield =1.06), while Karita had a LER yield >1 in four (mean LERyield =1.00) and Hulda only in one experiment (mean LER yield =0.98). Perttu proved to be a compatible pea companion for a pea-oat intercrop, likely because it was successful in overcompensating for decline in relative yield (RGY) of oat in intercrops, contrary to Hulda. However, none of the measured yield components of Perttu were associated with LER yield , suggesting compensation ability between them, while in Karita and Hulda, e.g., higher grain yield and number of grains and pods per square meter were associated with decline in LER yield . It was concluded that the success of Perttu as a companion for oat in intercrops is likely attributable to its flexibility in building yield through a variable combination of yield components rather than being outperformed due to some superior traits. Such flexibility, likely attributable to long duration of flowering supports resilience to weather variability that is typical for northern European conditions allowing Perttu to consistently sustain a LER yield >1.

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“…Autumn sown crops can escape from the stresses typical for spring sown crops, such as early summer drought and elevated temperatures (Peltonen-Sainio et al 2011a) by having their root system in deep soil layers and having their most heat-vulnerable phenophases when the risk of heat waves is negligible (Peltonen-Sainio et al 2016b). Some studies have shown that crop phenology has advanced faster than sowing times (Siebert and Ewert 2012), which may further increase the escape capacity of winter crops for elevated temperatures, but make them more prone to night frost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depth and longevity of the soil frost are critical factors determining the first potential time for sowing. Weather conditions such as temperature and precipitation (Peltonen-Sainio et al 2016b, 2016c) may again either enable or postpone sowings depending on how well they favour operations, but also depending on production system, especially tillage method (Känkänen et al 2011, Soane et al 2012. As night frosts are often experienced after sowings under high latitude conditions, consideration of the risk for night frost may also be critical for the timing of sowing depending on crop.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variation in weather events critical for boreal agriculture: III Frost and winter time fluctuation

Peltonen‐Sainio

Pirinen

Laapas

et al. 2016

AFSci

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In the boreal zone of Europe, differences between the four seasons are considerable. Also, the within-season variation in climatic conditions is substantial. This has many impacts on agriculture that are exceptional when compared to any other environmental zone in Europe. All the meteorological data were based on weather observations made by the Finnish Meteorological Institute. Likelihood (%) for soil frost (≤ 0 °C at 20 cm soil depth) at nine weather stations, and late snow cover (> 1 cm) (10 km × 10 km grid) were estimated for late spring. Probabilities (%) of night frost at the ground surface (March-September) were calculated at nine weather stations by frequencies of the lowest observed night-time temperature: a) between –2 and –5 °C (mild), b) ≤ –5 °C (moderate) and c) ≤ –9 °C (severe). Also, the probabilities (%) of night frost in mid-summer were estimated (≤ –1 °C for at least five hours). Furthermore, a significant shift from mild to below-freezing conditions was measured in winter as a period of at least ten days with daily maximum temperatures above 0°C followed by at least a 10-day period with daily mean temperatures below –5°C in order to characterize high fluctuating winter conditions. All these except late snow cover constitute high risks to crop production. Deep soil frost may postpone sowings, while in advanced springs, night frost may cause damage. For winter crops and perennials, shifts from mild to cold spells outside the growing season are particularly detrimental. Again the data may have many other applications beyond the assessments highlighted in this paper.

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Spatial and temporal variation in weather events critical for boreal agriculture: I Elevated temperatures

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

The role of atmospheric circulation patterns in agroclimate variability in finland, 1961–2011

The role of atmospheric circulation patterns in agroclimate variability in finland, 1961–2011

Characterizing an outperforming pea cultivar for intercropping with oat at high latitudes

Spatial and temporal variation in weather events critical for boreal agriculture: III Frost and winter time fluctuation

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