Spatial and temporal variation and hotspot detection of kala-azar disease in Vaishali district (Bihar), India

Bhunia, Gouri Sankar; Kesari, Shreekant; Chatterjee, Nandini; Kumar, Vijay; Das, Pradeep

doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-64

Cited by 85 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…33,35,36 Spatiotemporal and genetic analyses showed clustering of cases in "hot spots" and increased risk of infection and disease in household members of VL cases, underscoring the need for active search of subclinical infections in areas highly endemic for VL. [37][38][39] In a VL endemic focus of Brazil, > 70% of persons were considered to have asymptomatic infections, and around 12% either showed some symptoms of VL or progressed toward overt disease. 35 Asymptomatic infections also could be an important risk factor for recipients of blood and organs from donors inhabiting endemic areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Molecular Test to Diagnose Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis at the Point of Care

Castellanos-González¹,

Saldarriaga²,

Tartaglino³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) but current serological methods are not sensitive enough to detect all subclinically infected animals, which is crucial to VL control programs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have greater sensitivity but require expensive equipment and trained personnel, impairing its implementation in endemic areas. We developed a diagnostic test that uses isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) to detect Leishmania infantum. This method was coupled with lateral flow (LF) reading with the naked eye to be adapted as a point-of-care test. The L. infantum RPA-LF had an analytical sensitivity similar to real time-PCR, detecting DNA of 0.1 parasites spiked in dog blood, which was equivalent to 40 parasites/mL. There was no cross amplification with dog or human DNA or with Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania amazonensis, or Trypanosoma cruzi. The test also amplified Leishmania donovani strains (N = 7). In a group of clinically normal dogs (N = 30), RPA-LF detected more subclinical infections than rK39 strip test, a standard serological method (50% versus 13.3% positivity, respectively; P = 0.005). Also, RPA-LF detected L. infantum in noninvasive mucosal samples of dogs with a sensitivity comparable to blood samples. This novel molecular test may have a positive impact in leishmaniasis control programs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Molecular Test to Diagnose Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis at the Point of Care

Castellanos-González¹,

Saldarriaga²,

Tartaglino³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The Gi* (d) statistics is useful for determining the spatial dependence of neighboring observations (Scott et al, 2010). The result expresses the Z-score and p-value of the calculated value of Gi*(d) in comparison with the normal distribution of statistics calculated by simulation (Bhunia et al, 2013). These values represent the statistical significance of the spatial clustering of values, given the conceptualization of spatial relationships and the scale of analysis in distance parameter.…”

Section: Hotspot Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Japanese encephalitis Disease and Detection of Disease Hotspots: a Case Study of Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Verma

Gupta

2014

ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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Commission VIII, WG VIII/2 KEY WORDS: Japanese Encephalitis, GIS, Spatial analysis, Clustering, Hotspot ABSTRACT:In recent times, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) has emerged as a serious public health problem. In India, JE outbreaks were recently reported in Uttar Pradesh, Gorakhpur. The present study presents an approach to use GIS for analyzing the reported cases of JE in the Gorakhpur district based on spatial analysis to bring out the spatial and temporal dynamics of the JE epidemic. The study investigates spatiotemporal pattern of the occurrence of disease and detection of the JE hotspot. Spatial patterns of the JE disease can provide an understanding of geographical changes. Geospatial distribution of the JE disease outbreak is being investigated since 2005 in this study. The JE incidence data for the years 2005 to 2010 is used. The data is then geo-coded at block level. Spatial analysis is used to evaluate autocorrelation in JE distribution and to test the cases that are clustered or dispersed in space. The Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation technique is used to predict the pattern of JE incidence distribution prevalent across the study area. Moran's I Index (Moran's I) statistics is used to evaluate autocorrelation in spatial distribution. The Getis-Ord Gi*(d) is used to identify the disease areas. The results represent spatial disease patterns from 2005 to 2010, depicting spatially clustered patterns with significant differences between the blocks. It is observed that the blocks on the built up areas reported higher incidences.

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“…The IDW produces surfaces by interpolation of scatter points and has been employed in studies on vector borne diseases and pest management (Beckler et al, 2005;Naish et al, 2011;Bhunia et al, 2013). Prior to IDW, Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to check whether the flea index was distributed randomly over space and, if not, to evaluate any identified flea index cluster for statistical significance (Meng et al, 2010;Naish et al, 2011).…”

Section: Generation Of Interpolated Flea Index Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to IDW, Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to check whether the flea index was distributed randomly over space and, if not, to evaluate any identified flea index cluster for statistical significance (Meng et al, 2010;Naish et al, 2011). The Moran's I statistics (ESRI, 2006;Bhunia et al, 2013) was used to evaluate autocorrelation. A value close to '0' indicates spatial randomness.…”

Section: Generation Of Interpolated Flea Index Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human activity spaces and plague risks in three contrasting landscapes in Lushoto District, Tanzania

Hieronimo

Gulinck

Kimaro

et al. 2014

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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Since 1980 plague has been a human threat in the Western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. However, the spatial-temporal pattern of plague occurrence remains poorly understood. The main objective of this study was to gain understanding of human activity patterns in relation to spatial distribution of fleas in Lushoto District. Data were collected in three landscapes differing in plague incidence. Field survey coupled with Geographic Information System (GIS) and physical sample collections were used to collect data in wet (April to June 2012) and dry (August to October 2012) seasons. Data analysis was done using GIS, one-way ANOVA and nonparametric statistical tools. The degree of spatial cooccurrence of potential disease vectors (fleas) and humans in Lushoto focus differs significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among the selected landscapes, and in both seasons. This trend gives a coarse indication of the possible association of the plague outbreaks and the human frequencies of contacting environments with fleas. The study suggests that plague surveillance and control programmes at landscape scale should consider the existence of plague vector contagion risk gradient from high to low incidence landscapes due to human presence and intensity of activities. ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Spatial and temporal variation and hotspot detection of kala-azar disease in Vaishali district (Bihar), India

Cited by 85 publications

References 45 publications

A Novel Molecular Test to Diagnose Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis at the Point of Care

A Novel Molecular Test to Diagnose Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis at the Point of Care

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Japanese encephalitis Disease and Detection of Disease Hotspots: a Case Study of Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Human activity spaces and plague risks in three contrasting landscapes in Lushoto District, Tanzania

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