LIMNOLOGYand OCEANOGRAPHY: METHODS m 2 or more. Some of the heterogeneity encountered when making measurements of seepage is process driven. Analytical and numerical modeling has shown that seepage should decrease with distance from shore (McBride and Pfannkuch 1975;Pfannkuch and Winter 1984;Winter and Pfannkuch 1984), and many field studies have corroborated this observation (Connor and Belanger 1981;Belanger and Walker 1990;Rosenberry 1990;Schafran and Driscoll 1993;Rosenberry 2000). However, numerous other studies also have shown that local-scale geologic heterogeneity often overwhelms the larger-scale topographically controlled seepage variability (Woessner and Sullivan 1984;Belanger and Mikutel 1985;Krabbenhoft and Anderson 1986;Cherkauer and Nader 1989;Belanger and Walker 1990). In such cases, it is difficult to scale seepage-meter measurements to shorelinereach or lake-or wetland-wide interpretations without a large number of measurement locations.Seepage meters would be much more useful if labor costs could be reduced, the scaling problem could be more conveniently addressed, and slow-flow measurements could be made more convenient. These issues can be addressed by connecting multiple seepage-meter cylinders to a single measurement bag (Fig. 1). In so doing, the seepage flux through all of the ganged seepage cylinders is summed in one bag, which increases the area represented by each measurement, integrates spatial heterogeneity over a larger area, and reduces the time required to collect a measurable change in volume of water contained in the bag.A potential problem associated with this method is the combined frictional resistance of seepage flow routed through the seepage cylinder, tubing, Y fittings, valves, and any seepagebag resistance. Frictional resistance is inherent in all seepagemeter designs to some extent and, although single-cylinder seepage meters do not contain hoses or Y fittings, they also are subject to head loss. A seepage-meter coefficient typically is used to convert measured seepage rates to true values. Coefficients in the literature range from 1.1 to 1.7 (Erickson 1981;Cherkauer and McBride 1988;Asbury 1990;Belanger and Montgomery 1992). Many of the less-efficient meter designs require larger coefficients, primarily because they use smalldiameter tubing to connect the bag to the seepage cylinder. The use of large-diameter plumbing greatly reduces loss of efficiency, resulting in a smaller correction coefficient (e.g., Fellows and Brezonik 1980).Results from various combinations of ganged seepage meters installed in two separate lakes are presented and com-