Spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment of the tunicate Ciona intestinalis on a mussel farm in Nova Scotia, Canada

Howes, Stephanie; Herbinger, Christophe M.; Darnell, P.; Vercaemer, Benedikte

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.018

Cited by 60 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Other studies have reported bryozoans as the primary biofouling problem (Handå et al 2013;Marinho et al 2015;Førde et al 2016); however, it is a major problem in mussel farms where C. intestinalis reduces mussel production (Howes et al 2007). The settling larvae of C. intestinalis preferentially settle on shaded substrates at shallow depths (Howes et al 2007), making the ropes and kelp blades on a seaweed farm an optimal settlement substrate. Based on biomass yields and the onset of biofouling in 2015, the optimum harvest time in Shetland was around May to early July.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK

et al. 2017

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The meristem of the kelps Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima is located at the base of the blade, growth can therefore continue when the distal blade is lost due to erosion or harvesting. The aim of the study was to determine the regrowth potential of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands (UK) to assess feasibility of harvesting twice in one growing season. Laminaria digitata and S. latissima grown on longlines at sea were sampled between March and August, and harvested either at the stipe (whole) or 10 cm above the stipe-blade transition zone (partial) May-August. Image analysis was used to estimate blade length, width, area and fouled area. S. latissima increased in length more than L. digitata between March and August, and in August, while whole S. latissima experienced a net loss in length, partially cut blades had a net increase. Whole blades significantly increased in length for both species but only partially cut S. latissima significantly regrew. In late summer, severe biofouling by tunicates made up 12 and 27% of the biomass at two sites. Interestingly, S. latissima was less fouled than L. digitata. Consequently, S. latissima shows the greatest potential for the application of partial cutting to improve cultivated biomass yields. However, the period for regrowth is limited by low yields in early spring and blade degradation in late summer. In order to optimise biomass yields, further understanding is needed on the abiotic and biotic factors that control growth and biofouling on natural and farmed seaweed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK

et al. 2017

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“…For example, a diverse range of algae and marine invertebrates occur on fish cages in marine waters compared to the algal monocultures in brackish waters (Santhanam et al 1983). In contrast, variation in biofouling within sites is predominantly driven by the availability of light and water flow and is often related to the depth and orientation of infrastructure (eg Cronin et al 1999;Howes et al 2007;Guenther et al 2010). Fouling communities generally decrease in biomass and become less diverse in deeper waters (Cronin et al 1999;Guenther et al 2010).…”

Section: Fouling Communities In Aquaculturementioning

confidence: 99%

The impact and control of biofouling in marine aquaculture: a review

et al. 2012

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Biofouling in marine aquaculture is a specific problem where both the target culture species and/or infrastructure are exposed to a diverse array of fouling organisms, with significant production impacts. In shellfish aquaculture the key impact is the direct fouling of stock causing physical damage, mechanical interference, biological competition and environmental modification, while infrastructure is also impacted. In contrast, the key impact in finfish aquaculture is the fouling of infrastructure which restricts water exchange, increases disease risk and causes deformation of cages and structures. Consequently, the economic costs associated with biofouling control are substantial. Conservative estimates are consistently between 5-10% of production costs (equivalent to US$ 1.5 to 3 billion yr 71 ), illustrating the need for effective mitigation methods and technologies. The control of biofouling in aquaculture is achieved through the avoidance of natural recruitment, physical removal and the use of antifoulants. However, the continued rise and expansion of the aquaculture industry and the increasingly stringent legislation for biocides in food production necessitates the development of innovative antifouling strategies. These must meet environmental, societal, and economic benchmarks while effectively preventing the settlement and growth of resilient multi-species consortia of biofouling organisms.

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“…Mussel culture lines are known to accumulate biofouling communities during cropping (Khalaman 2001;de Sá et al 2007;Howes et al 2007). This accumulated biofouling may attain considerable biomass and comprise a diverse array of sessile and mobile taxa (Nizzoli et al 2005;Richard et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofouling on Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) farms: a preliminary assessment and potential implications for sustainable aquaculture practices

2011

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Greenshell TM mussel (Perna canaliculus) culture is the primary aquaculture industry in New Zealand. However, our knowledge of biofouling on Greenshell TM mussel farms, and its contribution to farm ecotrophic effects, is poor. We conducted a preliminary study of biofouling accumulation at two Greenshell TM mussel farms during Intermediate and Final seed on-growing stages (each of 6 months duration) with sampling of mussel ropes at 0, 3, 5 and 6 months during each on-growing stage. A diverse range of biofouling organisms (71 distinct taxa) accumulated on mussel ropes, with biofouling biomass dominated by suspension-feeding organisms (*88% of biofouling biomass) such as other bivalves, ascidians and, to a lesser degree, bryozoans. Biofouling biomass increased with culture time, varied between farms and was generally greater at 2 m than at 8 m depth. After 6 months, biofouling organisms on average comprised 54% of the total rope biomass. The reseeding of ropes between Intermediate and Final seed crops reduced the amount of non-Greenshell TM mussel biofouling. However, after 6 months, non-Greenshell TM mussel biofouling on average still comprised 15% of the total rope biomass. To evaluate potential ecotrophic effects of biofouling on Greenshell TM mussel farms, we compare the clearance rates of Greenshell TM mussel longlines based on Greenshell TM mussels alone and when combined with the two dominant biofouling species observed in our study (the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the ascidian Ciona intestinalis). Our study shows that accumulated biofouling biomass on Greenshell TM mussel ropes can be significant and recommends further investigation as to actual ecotrophic effects of biofouling to ensure sustainable mussel farm practices.

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Spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment of the tunicate Ciona intestinalis on a mussel farm in Nova Scotia, Canada

Cited by 60 publications

References 7 publications

Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK

Regrowth and biofouling in two species of cultivated kelp in the Shetland Islands, UK

The impact and control of biofouling in marine aquaculture: a review

Biofouling on Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) farms: a preliminary assessment and potential implications for sustainable aquaculture practices

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