Spatial and temporal foraging patterns of Queensland fruit fly, <i>Bactrocera tryoni</i> (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), for protein and implications for management

Balagawi, Solomon; Jackson, Kevin; Hamacek, E.L.; Clarke, Anthony R.

doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2012.00863.x

Cited by 19 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…a melon field) only for oviposition, while other resources (including protein, roosting sites and mates) are acquired outside the crop patch (Mcquate and Vargas 2007). Other fly species, for example, B. tryoni and B. dorsalis, are thought to acquire most of their resources, including protein, from the fruiting larval-host plant (Drew and Lloyd 1987;Green et al 1993;Balagawi et al 2012). Such contradictory findings reinforce the need for detailed investigations of the individual foraging behaviour of particular fly species.…”

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confidence: 78%

Feeding and mating behaviour of Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera minax (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the field

et al. 2014

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The Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax, is a major tephritid fruit fly pest that infests Citrus spp. fruits. The pest was removed from the national quarantine pest list in China in 2009 owing to its wide spread across the country, and it is currently considered a major threat to citrus industry in Asia. The frequent high infestation levels of B. minax in China emphasize the need for a more comprehensive understanding of its biology and ecology so that more efficient control measures can be developed and applied. In the framework of developing a sterile insect technique program against B. minax, we studied the feeding and mating activities of B. minax in situ (Citrus orchards and surrounding habitats) through open field surveys and video recordings. In the pre-oviposition period, sexually immature adults largely foraged for food (e.g. honeydew from aphids, nectar and sooty mould) on non-host plants. Then, sexually mature adult flies shifted to lick sooty moulds, bird faeces and, to a lesser extent, an unknown substance on the Citrus leaves and fruits during the mating and oviposition periods. Finally, during the post-oviposition period, the flies were observed feeding on ooze from grapes. The mating behaviour patterns of B. minax in the field were described as follows: first, the male established its territory close to the potential oviposition substrate (Citrus fruit), second, the female landed on the fruit and began inspection and ovipositor boring behaviour on the fruit surface (no male courtship observed e.g. wing vibration), and third, the male mounted and copulated with the female. The present study shed light on the feeding ecology and mating behaviour of B. minax in the field; this knowledge will facilitate development of better management strategies against this tephritid fly.

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confidence: 78%

Feeding and mating behaviour of Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera minax (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the field

et al. 2014

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“…Artificial trees were used to avoid the potentially confounding effect of green leaf volatiles affecting fly behavior (Dalby-Ball & Meats, 2000), and there was a much higher degree of architectural uniformity between artificial trees than could be achieved using real plants. Artificial trees of this type have been used previously in fruit fly behavioral studies (Dalby-Ball & Meats, 2000;Raghu & Clarke, 2003;Balagawi et al, 2012). Two of the 4 trees used in each replicate were increased in height by placing them on 0.7-m high stands (hereafter "tall trees"), such that the 2 tall trees were 2.7 m in height and 2 "short trees" were 2 m in height.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mating system of the true fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni and its sister species, Bactrocera neohumeralis

Ekanayake

Jayasundara

Peek³

et al. 2016

Insect Science

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The frugivorous "true" fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland fruit fly), is presumed to have a nonresourced-based lek mating system. This is largely untested, and contrary data exists to suggest Bactrocera tryoni may have a resource-based mating system focused on fruiting host plants. We tested the mating system of Bactrocera tryoni, and its close sibling Bactrocera neohumeralis, in large field cages using laboratory reared flies. We used observational experiments that allowed us to determine if: (i) mating pairs were aggregated or nonaggregated; (ii) mating system was resource or nonresource based; (iii) flies utilized possible landmarks (tall trees over short) as mate-rendezvous sites; and (iv) males called females from male-dominated leks. We recorded nearly 250 Bactrocera tryoni mating pairs across all experiments, revealing that: (i) mating pairs were aggregated; (ii) mating nearly always occurred in tall trees over short; (iii) mating was nonresource based; and (iv) that males and females arrived at the mate-rendezvous site together with no evidence that males preceded females. Bactrocera neohumeralis copulations were much more infrequent (only 30 mating pairs in total), but for those pairs there was a similar preference for tall trees and no evidence of a resource-based mating system. Some aspects of Bactrocera tryoni mating behavior align with theoretical expectations of a lekking system, but others do not. Until evidence for unequivocal female choice can be provided (as predicted under a true lek), the mating system of Bactrocera tryoni is best described as a nonresource based, aggregation system for which we also have evidence that land-marking may be involved.

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“…A minimal or absence of height effect in the field‐cage study is unexpected, as previous work has shown increasing height is generally associated with greater abundance of B. tryoni (Hooper and Drew ; Balagawi et al. ). However, a weak but significant height effect was shown in our field‐cage study for all responses combined, and it is possible that either the differences in height were not sufficient to strongly influence fly behaviour or that the canopy architecture effect simply over‐rode the height effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…The response to protein by B. tryoni occurs over very short spatial distances and, unless the flies are in the immediate environment of the protein, they do not respond to it (Balagawi et al. ). While dispersal and dispersion of B. tryoni have been studied at different spatial levels, from regional levels (Gilchrist et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is the major horticultural insect pest of eastern Australia and following recent withdrawals of dimethoate and fenthion for fruit with edible peel (Australian Pesticides & Veterinary Medicines Authority 2011), more emphasis is being given to the adoption of alternative management techniques Dominiak and Ekman 2013), including protein bait sprays (Lloyd et al 2010). The response to protein by B. tryoni occurs over very short spatial distances and, unless the flies are in the immediate environment of the protein, they do not respond to it (Balagawi et al 2012). While dispersal and dispersion of B. tryoni have been studied at different spatial levels, from regional levels (Gilchrist et al 2006) through to habitat types within region (Raghu et al 2000), and even within individual plants (Dalby-Ball and Meats 2000), the dispersion of the fly within plant patches has seldom been studied ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resting sites, edge effects and dispersion of a polyphagous Bactrocera fruit fly within crops of different architecture

Balagawi

Jackson

Clarke

2013

J Applied Entomology

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The spot or strip application of poisoned protein bait is a lure‐and‐kill technique used for the management of fruit flies. Knowledge of where flies occur in the crop environment is an important part of maximizing the efficacy of this tool. Bactrocera tryoni is a polyphagous pest of horticulture for which very little is known about its distribution within crops. With particular reference to edge effects, we monitored the abundance of B. tryoni in two crops of different architecture; strawberry and apple. In strawberries, we found more flies on the crop edge early in the fruiting season, which lessened gradually and eventually disappeared as the season progressed. In apple orchards, no such edge effect was observed and flies were found equally throughout the orchard. We postulated these differences may be due to differences in crop height (high vs. short) and/or crop canopy architecture (opened and branched in apple, dense and closed in strawberry). In a field cage trial, we tested these predictions using artificial plants of different height and canopy condition. Height and canopy structure type had no significant effects on fly oviposition and protein feeding, but the ‘apple’ type canopy significantly influenced resting. We thus postulate that there was an edge effect in strawberry because the crop was not providing resting sites and flies were doing so in vegetation around the field margins. The finding that B. tryoni shows different resting site preferences based on plant architecture offers the potential for strategic manipulation of the fly through specific border or inter‐row plantings.

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Spatial and temporal foraging patterns of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), for protein and implications for management

Cited by 19 publications

References 54 publications

Feeding and mating behaviour of Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera minax (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the field

Feeding and mating behaviour of Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera minax (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the field

The mating system of the true fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni and its sister species, Bactrocera neohumeralis

Resting sites, edge effects and dispersion of a polyphagous Bactrocera fruit fly within crops of different architecture

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