Spatial and Temporal Epidemiology of Sporadic Human Cryptosporidiosis in Scotland

Pollock, Kevin; Ternent, H. E.; Mellor, D. J.; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Smith, H. V.; Ramsay, Colin N.; Innocent, Giles

doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01247.x

Cited by 33 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A previous study with a larger sample size in the same geographical area also revealed the predominance of C. hominis with 63.9% positive specimens, although C. parvum was identified in 31.5% individuals, and was significantly more frequent in children from rural areas (Llorente et al, 2007). A similar conclusion was reported in the United States, Ireland or Scotland, where C. parvum predominates in rural areas and areas with high ruminant livestock density, whereas C. hominis is more common in the more densely human populated areas (Feltus et al, 2006;Zintl et al, 2009;Pollock et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Multilocus typing and population structure of Cryptosporidium from children in Zaragoza, Spain

Ramo

Quílez

Vergara-Castiblanco

et al. 2015

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Multilocus typing and population structure of Cryptosporidium from children in Zaragoza, Spain

Ramo

Quílez

Vergara-Castiblanco

et al. 2015

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…It is ranked sixth of the most commonly distributed Cryptosporidium species in humans and has been reported in at least 25 sporadic cases of cryptosporidiosis. All, but one, of the cases were reported in industrialized nations (Wang et al 2008a;Davies et al 2009;Pollock et al 2009). It is also one of the most common Cryptosporidium species found in drinking source water in USA and Canada (Jiang et al 2005;Ruecker et al 2007;Karanis et al 2007;Yang et al 2008;Jellison et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cervine genotype is the major Cryptosporidium genotype in sheep in China

et al. 2009

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To identify Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in sheep in China and to elucidate the endemic transmission of cryptosporidiosis, a total of 1,701 fecal samples from five farms in four prefectures in Henan Province (central China) were examined. Eighty-two Cryptosporidium-positive samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and PCR analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, and 41 were further analyzed by DNA sequencing of the PCR products. The SSU rRNA-based PCR identified two Cryptosporidium species and one genotype, including the Cryptosporidium cervine genotype (74/82), Cryptosporidium andersoni (4/82), and Cryptosporidium xiaoi (4/82). The cervine genotype was found in all age groups, C. xiaoi in lambs, and C. andersoni in ewes. There were intragenetic differences in the SSU rRNA gene sequences of the Cryptosporidium cervine genotype and C. xiaoi. No Cryptosporidium parvum was detected by both SSU rRNA- and gp60-based PCR assays. These findings suggest that sheep are a potential source for zoonotic infections of the Cryptosporidium cervine genotype.

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“…, 2004). In an environmental analysis in Scotland, increasing density or ratio of farms per person, private water supply and sheep density were all significantly associated with increasing numbers of C. parvum reports (Pollock et al. 2009).…”

Section: The Risk Of Zoonotic Transmission To Humans In Outbreaks Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in the UK - challenges for control

Chalmers

Giles

2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

112

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Summary The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium infects all classes of vertebrates. Of the major human pathogenic species, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis predominate in the UK. Cryptosporidium hominis is a human‐adapted species, while C. parvum has many animal hosts and is particularly common in preweaned farmed ruminants. Evaluation of zoonotic risks has been provided mainly by descriptive and analytical epidemiological studies and enhanced recently by genetic typing of isolates. The robust nature of the transmissive oocyst stage, multiple transmission routes, lack of antiparasitic treatment options and vaccines, and resistance to chlorine disinfection present challenges for control. Subtyping C. parvum isolates has been used to link human cases and suspected sources of infection in sporadic cases and outbreaks. Although it is possible that all C. parvum isolates are potentially zoonotic, populations with and without farm animal linkage have been identified. New zoonotic risks have emerged in at least one outbreak, caused by the Cryptosporidium sp. rabbit genotype. This re‐enforces the need to characterize infecting and contaminating isolates to ensure appropriate interventions. This study describes the risks of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis by detailing the hosts providing a potential reservoir, the risks of transmission to humans, outbreaks in animal‐associated settings and guidance for control with special emphasis on the UK.

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Spatial and Temporal Epidemiology of Sporadic Human Cryptosporidiosis in Scotland

Cited by 33 publications

References 18 publications

Multilocus typing and population structure of Cryptosporidium from children in Zaragoza, Spain

Multilocus typing and population structure of Cryptosporidium from children in Zaragoza, Spain

Cervine genotype is the major Cryptosporidium genotype in sheep in China

Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in the UK - challenges for control

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