Spatial and Temporal Diversity of Cyanometabolites in the Eutrophic Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea)

Abstract

This work aims to determine the profiles of cyanopeptides and anatoxin synthetized by cyanobacteria in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea) and to characterize their spatial and temporal patterns in this ecosystem. Cyanometabolites were analysed by a LC-MS/MS system and were coupled to a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer. During the investigation period (2013–2017), 10 microcystins, nodularin, anatoxin-a, 16 anabaenopeptins, including 1 oscillamide, 12 aeruginosins, 1 aeruginosamide, 3 cyanopeptolins and 4 microginins were detected. The most frequently detected metabolites were found at all investigated sites. Demethylated microcystin variants and anabaenopeptins had the strongest relationship with Planktothrix agardhii, while non-demethylated microcystin variants and anatoxin had the strongest relationship with Microcystis spp. Low concentrations of some microcystins: [Asp3]MC-RR, MC-RR, MC-LR, as well as a few other cyanopeptides: AP-A and AEG-A were found during the cold period (December–March). Over the study period, Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix and Microcystis were the main dominant cyanobacteria species, while Planktothrix, Microcystis, and Dolichospermum were potentially producers of cyanopeptides and anatoxin detected in samples from the Curonian Lagoon.

Early and late cyanobacterial bloomers in a shallow, eutrophic lake

“…68 but still tolerable for Planktothrix agardhii which has been shown to persist as the dominant species even under ice. 69 For example, a similar study of a temperate lagoon by Pilkaitytė et al 70 has shown dominance of N-fixing species ( A. flos-aquae and Dolichospermum spp.) during the hot summer months while Planktothrix agardhii and Woronichinia spp.…”

Phytoplankton of the Curonian Lagoon as a New Interesting Source for Bioactive Natural Products. Special Impact on Cyanobacterial Metabolites

“…To our knowledge, no published data on the biological activity of metabolites produced by cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae occurring in this lagoon exist. In terms of cyanobacterial toxins, the presence of various microcystin (MC) analogues, anatoxin-a (ANTX-a) and nodularin (NOD) has been confirmed [7,9,12,13]. Reports on the detection of cyanopeptides in the Curonian Lagoon was also published [10,13].…”

“…In terms of cyanobacterial toxins, the presence of various microcystin (MC) analogues, anatoxin-a (ANTX-a) and nodularin (NOD) has been confirmed [7,9,12,13]. Reports on the detection of cyanopeptides in the Curonian Lagoon was also published [10,13].…”

“…Previous research in the Curonian Lagoon has only focused on the ecotoxicological assessment of cyanobacterial scum and cyanobacterial toxins from the perspective of the ecosystem and public health [7,[9][10][11][12][13]. To our knowledge, no published data on the biological activity of metabolites produced by cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae occurring in this lagoon exist.…”

Characterization and Diversity of Microcystins Produced by Cyanobacteria from the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea)

“…Data on the presence of MC-producing cyanobacteria, MCs diversity (including other cyanometabolites), and their concentrations have also been reported from the Curonian Lagoon located in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea [23][24][25][26][27]. The lagoon is a hypereutrophic, mainly freshwater body, connected to the Baltic Sea by the narrow Klaip ėda Strait.…”