Spatial and seasonal variability in the water chemistry of Kabar Tal wetland (Ramsar site), Bihar, India: multivariate statistical techniques and GIS approach

Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of major ions in water samples of a newly designated Ramsar site, namely Kabar Tal (KT) wetland of Bihar. Samples were collected during summer, monsoon, and winter seasons. The analytical and GIS results show that concentration of electrical conductivity, chloride, and nitrate are higher in summer than monsoon and winter. However, the concentration of major cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are higher in winter than monsoon and summer. In addition, major anions like sulphate and phosphate concentration is higher during monsoon than summer and winter. Multivariate statistical tool (Discriminant Analysis) results suggest that temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate, and potassium are the major parameters distinguishing the water quality in different seasons. The study confirms that seasonal variations are playing a major role in the hydrochemistry of KT wetland. Overall, this work outlines the approach towards proper conservation and utilization of wetlands and to assess the quality of surface water for determining its suitability for agricultural purposes. Overall, this work highlights the approach towards estimating the seasonal dynamics of chemical species in KT wetland and its suitability for irrigation purposes.

Assessment of water quality of Kot Dam, Rajasthan, India, using water quality index

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Status, Diversity and Species Composition of Wetland Birds on Vaduvoor Bird Sanctuary, Tiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India

“…The field survey was conducted last three years from 2022 to 2024 using the total count method. Wherever possible, researchers walked in and around the wetlands or selected specific vantage points to count all the birds (only seen) and the same pathway was used for whole survey [19]. The survey was carried out during dusk and dawn times, from 6:30 am to 10:00 am in the morning and 4:00 pm to 6:30 pm in the evening.…”

Diversity of Avian Fauna in Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary, Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu, India

“…The field survey was conducted over the past four years, from 2021 to 2024, utilizing the total count method. Researchers walked within and around the wetlands or stationed themselves at specific vantage points to observe and count all birds whenever feasible [12]. Surveys were conducted every month during the dawn and dusk periods, from 6:30 am to 10:00 am and 4:00 pm to 6:30 pm.…”