Spatial analysis of multispecies bacterial biofilms

Combined electrical-electrochemical phenotypic profiling of antibiotic susceptibility of in vitro biofilm models

“…1,2 Within biofilms, bacteria can alter their genotypes and phenotypes, rearrange their spatial structures, and regulate their cooperative activities, developing unique community-intrinsic properties that are not observed in counterparts growing planktonically. 3,4 Because of these functional updates, however, biofilms are often detrimental, posing serious concerns to human health, water distribution systems, food and groceries, and industrial productivity. [5][6][7] Usually, bacteria densely packed in biofilms enhance virulence factors and become more infectious than planktonic cells.…”